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General Anesthesia
A drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation.
General Anesthesia
Main components:
Hypnosis ( unconsciousness) Analgesia (decreasing pain) Amnesia (preventing recall) Muscle relaxation (preventing movement) Physiologic support (maintaining respiratory and cardiovascular function, fluid management, electrolyte control, and thermoregulation )
Deep Sedation
General Anesthesia
Stages of Anaesthesia
Stage I : Stage of analgesia or disorientation : Beginning of induction of general anesthesia to LOC. Stage II : Stage of excitement or delirium : From LOC to onset of automatic breathing. Eyelash reflex dissapears but other reflexes remain intact( cough, vomit, struggling)
(Stage of Surgical Anesthesia) : 4planes Onset of automatic respiration cessation of eyeball movement Eyelid reflex lost, swallowing reflex disappears, marked eyeball movement may occur. - Plane 2 : cessation of eye movement beginning of intercostal muscles paralysis laryngeal reflex lost, corneal reflex disappears, tear secretion , resp is automatic & regular, movement & deep breathing a a response to skin stimulation disappear.
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- Plane 3 : Beginning to completion of intercostal musc paralysis pupils dilated, light reflexes abolished desired plane for surgery when musc paralysis were not used. - Plane 4 : Complete intercostal paralysis diaphragmatic paralysis Stage IV : Stoppage of respiration till death. Medullary paralysis with resp arrest and vasomotor collapse. Pupils widely dilated, musc are paralysed.
Incidence of Awareness
0.1-0.2 % of all adult patients undergoing GA
0.8-1.2% children 20 000 to 40 000 of the 20 million GA patients
Definitions
Consciousness Memory and Awareness
Consciousness
A state in which a patient is able to process information from surroundings.
Memory
Classifications:
Explicit (or conscious) memory refers to conscious recollection of previous experiences, equivalent to remembering. Implicit memory refers to the changes in performance or behavior that are produced by previous experience without any conscious recollection of those experiences.
Perceptions of Awareness
Most common
Sounds and conversation Sensation of paralysis Anxiety and panic Helplessness and powerlessness Pain
Least common
Visual perceptions Intubation or tube Feelings operation without pain
Signs of Awareness
Psychological Sequelae
Sleep disturbances Nightmares Anxiety and panic attacks Flashbacks Avoidance of medical care Post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD)
Detection of Awareness
Clinical signs IFT Lower oesophageal contractility Frontalis EMG Respiratory sinus arrhythmia MAC value EEG
Raw EEG Processed EEG
BiS AEP
PRST SCORE
poor indicator of depth of anaesthesia. haemodynamic responsiveness to noxious stimuli does not necessarily signify awareness, nor does lack of haemodynamic changes guarantee unconsciousness.
EEG
Definition : BIS uses a proprietary algorithm to convert a single channel of frontal EEG into an index of hypnotic level, ranging from 100 0 (isoelectric EEG)
Bis Number
Relatives contributors to BIS number : - Time domain analysis ( wave activity; burst suppression) - Frequency domain analysis ( as depth anaesthesia move from low freq high amp high frequency low amp), spectral edge freq. - Bispectral analysis look at the phase relationships between different frequencies
Mid-latency AEP
Preventing Awareness
Preventing Awareness
Thank you !
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