Ethernet Properties

10Mbps/100Mbps broadcast bus technology Bus: all stations share single channel Broadcast: all transceivers receive every transmission

Transceiver passes all packets from bus to host adapter Host adapter chooses some and filters others
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Ethernet Properties
Best-effort delivery: hardware provides no information to the sender about whether packet was actually delivered Destination machine powered down, packets will be lost TCP/IP protocols accommodate best-effort delivery

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CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect When transceiver begins transmission
Not all parts of network reached simultaneously 80% speed of light speed

Free for all transmission yields possibility of 2 transceivers sensing idle bus and beginning transmission simultaneously Draw picture
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CSMA/CD
Each transceiver monitors cable while transmitting in an attempt to detect foreign signals (interference) Monitoring called Collision Detection If collision detected, a host adapter
aborts transmission waits predictable number of arbitrary length time units tries again
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Binary Exponential Backoff

Show BEB example Many stations try to transmit at exactly the same time yields a non-recoverable traffic jam Ethernet capacity
10Mbps means for everyone Highway system can manage a max amount of traffic

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Ethernet Hardware Address

WinIPCfg find and view 48-bit addressing scheme Ethernet manufacturers buy lots of addresses
Unique address in the universe

Fixed in machine readable form on host interface hardware Ethernet Address belong to hardware devices
Physical addr., Hardware addr.
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Ethernet Addresses
Moving hardware interface to another machine changes the original machines physical address Host interface examines packets and decides which ones to send up
Destination address used CPU could perform check but what would happen?
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Ethernet Address
48-bit address is one of 3 types
Unicast Broadcast (All 1s) Multicast (Group)

Host interface recognizes more that just its physical address Not all forms of addressing implemented by all host adapter manufacturers
Usually unicast and broadcast, multicast is newest idea
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Ethernet Frame
(Data) Link level connection among machines Phil Daily Never Took Sarah Prentice Anywhere -- jwr Variable length, no smaller than 64 octets or larger than 1518 octets
See figure 2.7 on page 30

Preamble extra - used for synchronization Sender computes CRC, receiver regenerates and checks

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Internet Services
Read Chapter 11 3 layers Connectionless Delivery Service
Provides foundation

Reliable Transport Service

Applications depend on this

Application Service

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Need for Multiple Protocols

protocols allow one to specify or understand communication without knowing the details of a particular vendors network hardware. Same or different?
Ethernet frame format, network access policy, frame error handling IP addresses, datagram format, unreliable delivery
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Conceptual Layering
Heterogeneous network transport protocols require a buffering between actual network implementation view of implementation See figure 11.1 on page 179 Protocol software more complex than simple model See figure 11.2 on page 180 See figure 11.3 on page 180

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ISO 7 Layer Reference Model

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1

See figure 11.4 on page 181

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Physical Layer
Level 1 Physical interconnection to the network Includes electrical characteristics of voltage, current

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Data Link Layer

Level 2 Handles transmission errors
Frame checksum Transmission is unreliable

Specifies exchange of acknowledgements between machines to know when frame transferred successfully Does not mean content is right!!
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Network Layer
Level 3 Defines basics unit of transfer across network Includes concepts of destination addressing, routing

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Transport Layer
Level 4 End to End reliability Destination host communicates with the source host Even though lower level layers provide reliable checks at each transfer, end to end layer double checks

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Session Layer
Level 5 Remote terminal access Terminal to host connection

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Presentation Layer
Level 6 Provides network functions that many applications use Text compression, graphic images to bit stream formats etc.

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Application Layer
Level 7 Application programs that use the network Electronic mail, File transfer programs, finger, daytime, echo

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TCP/IP Internet Layering Model

Looked at as 4 layers plus a 5th hardware layer Application Transport Internet Network Interface Hardware

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Application Layer
Highest layer Application programs that access services available across TCP/IP internet Interacts with one of the transport layer protocols
Sequence of individual messages Continuous stream of bytes

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Transport Layer
Messages or Streams pass between AL and TL Provides communication from one application program to another
Called End-to-End

May regulate flow of information May provide reliable transport

Arranges for receiving side to send back acknowledgements Can retransmit packets with errors

Must be able to service many applications

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Internet Layer
Transport Protocol Packets pass between TL and IP Handles communication from one machine to another Encapsulates packet into IP datagram IP Security implemented here Handles incoming datagrams

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Network Interface Layer

IP Datagrams pass between IP and NL Responsible for accepting datagrams and transmitting them over a specific network
Device driver when attaching to LAN

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Ethernet Bridges
One way of extending an Ethernet network. Max cable length = 500 meters Repeater is a hardware device that relays electronic signals from one cable to another At most, 2 repeaters can be placed between any 2 machines Total length - 3 segments at 500m each
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Repeater Example
|
500 Meters

Floor 1

Floor 2

Floor 3

Repeater Computer (Host)

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Ethernet Bridges
Superior because they do not replicate
Noise Errors Malformed frames

Frame must be completely valid to retransmit on another wire Follow CSMA/CD rules
Collisions, Propagation delays remain isolated on 1 wire

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Bridges
Almost arbitrary number of bridges can be connected Why? What is different?
Hide details of the interconnection Acts like single huge Ethernet

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Bridges
Adaptive, Learning bridges 1 computer, 2 Ethernet interfaces Software keeps 2 address lists Frame arrives from E1 , adds 48-bit source addr. to list associated with E1 Learns topology of each wire Check destination addr. If on frame from whence it came, disregard

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Adaptive Bridges
Helps improve performance by isolating traffic If there exists a natural dichotomy between computers which communicate, then there is major gain From TCP/IP pov, bridged Ethernets simply another form of physical network connection Modern bridges use distributed spanning tree algorithms to figure how to forward frames Why? (Cycles & packets in 2 directions simultaneously!)
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Reading
Make sure you read all of chapter 2 & 3

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