> DISCHARGE OF GROUNDWATER > EQUILIBRIUM HYDRAULICS OF WELLS > NONEQUILIBRIUM HYDRAULICS OF WELLS

OTAKAN, NOVIEBONREY S. BSCE IV HYDROLOGY: GROUP 6 - 4thReport

DISCHARGE OF GROUNDWATER
a groundwater basin fills and discharges water by several routes until a quasiequilibrium is reached. Streams intersecting the water table and receiving groundwater flow are called effluent streams. Perennial streams are generally effluent through at least a portion of their length. Where an aquifer intersects the earths surface, a spring or seep will form. Types of Springs : Water hole or Dimple spring Perched spring Anticlinal spring Spring from solution channel

-Fontaine de Vaucluse in France has charge often exceeding 110 m3/s. it is the worlds largest spring and is in a lime stone formation.

Where the water table is close to the surface, groundwater may be discharge by direct evaporation or by transpiration from the capillary fringe. Plants deriving their water from groundwater, called phreatophytes, often have root systems extending to depths of 12m or more. At a rate of 1m/year the loss would be 106m3/km2 per year.

EQUILIBRIUM HYDRAULICS OF WELLS

For flow to occur to the well there must be gradient toward the well. The resulting water-table form is called cone of depression. If the decrease in water level at the well (drawdown) is small with respect to the total thickness of the aquifer, if the well completely penetrates the aquifer, and assuming equilibrium, a formula relating well discharge and aquifer characteristics can be derived. from Darcys Law, q = 2xyK dy/dx Eq.(6.9) q = K(h12-h22) / ln(r1/r2) Since we have assumed the drawdown Z to be small compared with the saturated thickness, Eq(6.9) can be written: Eq.(6.9a) T = q ln(r1/r2) / 2(Z2-Z1)

prob. A pumping test is carried out to determine a permeability of sand layer in an unconfined aquifer with level for before pumping located at 1.85m below the ground surface at the steady state of pumping rate of 58.57 m3/hr the drawdown in the observation well respectively 2.91m and 0.88m. The distance of the observation well on the water pump were 15m and 35m respectively. The location of the permeable layer is 16.2m below the ground surface, find the coefficient of permeability.

NONEQUILIBRIUM HYDRAULICS OF WELLS

During the initial period of pumping from a new well, much of the discharge is derived from storage in the portion of the aquifer unwatered as the cone of depression develops. Equilibrium analysis indicates a permeability which is too high, because only part of the discharged comes from flow through the aquifer to the well. This leads to an overestimate of the potential yield of the well. Theis Method :

Zr = qW(u) / 4T u = r2Sc / 4Tt

Logarithmic tracing paper

prob. A 30cm diameter well is pumped at a uniform rate of 4.25x10-2 m3/s while observations of drawdown are made in a well 30m distant. Values of t and Z are observed and computed values of r2/t are given below. Find T and Sc for the aquifer and estimate the drawdown in the observation well at the end of 30 days of pumping. type curve: u = 0.4 ; W(u) = 0.7 data curve: Z = 1.04 m ; r2/t = 4.9x103 m2/day

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