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Organizational

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Attitudes at Work
Seema Arif

17-06-08

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Types of Attitudes
Job Satisfaction
A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job

Job Involvement
Identifying with the job, actively participating in it, and considering performance important to self-worth

Organizational Commitment
Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the organization (Affective, Normative, and Continuance Commitment)
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Types of Attitudes, contd

Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
Degree to which employees feel the organization cares about their well-being

Employee Engagement
An individuals involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the organization

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An Application: Attitude Surveys

Attitude Surveys
Eliciting responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, and the organization

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Organizational

BEHAVIOR

Attitudes and Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is a persons attitude toward his or her job.

Determinants of Job Satisfaction

Personality, the work itself, compensation, growth and upward mobility, coworkers, management
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Job Satisfaction and Behavior

Satisfaction reduces turnover, absenteeism

Satisfaction increases customer satisfaction
Affects moods, positive behaviors Less turnover, more consistent service

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Hiring for Attitude at Four Seasons

Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts hires for attitude, trains for skills. Applicants must have emotions compatible with the job and possess the emotional intelligence needed to serve guests effectively.
Courtesy of Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts.

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Organizational

BEHAVIOR

Productivity

Job
Satisfaction and Employee Performance
Turnover Absenteeism

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Lets think critically about a common assumption

We generally assume that a happy worker is a productive one.

But Does empirical research data support that idea? Do high levels of job satisfaction lead to high levels of job performance?
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Performance Satisfaction?
Job Satisfaction
Relationship is Spurious

Job Performance

Other Variable
(e.g., good leader)

Job Satisfaction

Job Performance
Strength of Relationship changes based on aspects of work environment (e.g., job)

Other Variable
(e.g., type of job)

Source: Judge, Thoreson, Bono, & Patton (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review

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Performance Satisfaction?
Job Satisfaction
No relationship between the two concepts

Job Performance

Job Satisfaction
Alternative Conceptualizations of each

Job Performance

Positive Affect

Supervisor Rating

Source: Judge, Thoreson, Bono, & Patton (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review

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BEHAVIOR

The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance Satisfaction and Productivity

Satisfied workers arent necessarily more productive. Worker productivity is higher in organizations with more satisfied workers.

Satisfaction and Absenteeism

Satisfied employees have fewer avoidable absences.

Satisfaction and Turnover

Satisfied employees are less likely to quit. Organizations take actions to cultivate high performers and to weed out lower performers.

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Measuring Job Satisfaction

Single Global Rating

Summing up Job Facets

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Job Satisfaction
Single Global Rating Method Single Global Rating Method Single global rating method is nothing more than asking individuals to respond to one question, such as, All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job? The respondents then reply by circling a number between 1 and 5 that corresponds to answers from highly satisfied to highly dissatisfied. Summation Score Method It is a more sophisticated method. It identifies key elements in a job and asks for the employees feelings about each. Typical factors that would be included are the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, and relations with workers.

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How satisfied are people in their job? Job satisfaction declined to 50.7% in 2000 Decline is mostly attributed to:
Pressures to increase productivity Less control over work

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Job Satisfaction
The greater the job dissatisfaction:

the lower corporate citizenship the more grievances and lawsuits the higher the probability of a strike the more likely that stealing and/or vandalism will occur the poorer the mental and physical health of the workers
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Responses to Job Dissatisfaction

Active

Exit
Destructive

Voice
Constructive

Neglect
Passive
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Loyalty

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How Employees Can Express Dissatisfaction

Exit Dissatisfaction expressed through behavior directed toward leaving the organization.
Neglect Dissatisfaction expressed by allowing conditions to worsen.

Voice
Dissatisfaction expressed by active and constructive methods to improve the situation. Loyalty Dissatisfaction expressed by passively waiting for conditions to improve.

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Job Satisfaction and OCB

Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

Satisfied employees who feel fairly treated by and are trusting of the organization are more willing to engage in behaviors that go beyond the normal expectations of their job.
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Organizational

BEHAVIOR

Job Satisfaction and OCB

Perceptions of Fairness

Outcomes

Treatment

Procedures

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Job Satisfaction (cont.)

Psychological contracts
a set of perceptions of what employees owe their employers, and what their employers owe them
has important implications for employee satisfaction/motivation

Benefits provided by the organization Benefits promised by the organization

versus

Contributions provided by the employee Contributions promised by the employee

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Job Satisfaction (cont.)

Quality of work life (QWL)
programs designed to create a workplace that enhances employee well-being organizations differ drastically in their attention to QWL

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Categories Of Quality Of Life

Adequate and fair compensation Safe and healthy environment Jobs develop human capacities

Socially responsible organizational actions

Minimum infringements on personal and family needs

Quality of Work Life

Chance for personal growth and security

Constitutionalism
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Supportive social environment

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