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Physical Change
Melting of ice cream is
an example of a physical change. - Involves heat
Chemical Change
Burning of a candle
is an example of a chemical change.
At the molecular level:
The wax molecule changes to carbon dioxide and water molecules.
Tarnishing of silver
Chemical change = chemical reaction YOUR TURN: Can you think of other examples of everyday life chemical reactions?
GREEN CHEMISTRY
PREVENTING POLLUTION SUSTAINING THE EARTH
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GREEN CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
GREEN CHEMISTRY IS ABOUT Waste Minimisation at Source Use of Catalysts in place of Reagents Using Non-Toxic Reagents Use of Renewable Resources Improved Atom Efficiency Use of Solvent Free or Recyclable Environmentally Benign Solvent systems
Hazard
Risk
Energy Cost
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.
8 Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/de-protection, and temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimised or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
9 Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
Chemical
Process
Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient pressure and temperature
GLOBAL WARMING
CO2 to atmosphere
A raw material of feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practical
Non-renewable Renewable
Resource Depletion Renewable resources can be made increasingly viable technologically and economically through green chemistry.
Biomass Nanoscience Solar Waste utilization
Carbondioxide
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Energy Global Change Resource Depletion Food Supply Toxics in the Environment
Energy
The
vast majority of the energy generated in the world today is from non-renewable sources that damage the environment.
Carbon
Energy
developing the alternatives for energy generation (photovoltaics, hydrogen, fuel cells, biobased fuels, etc.) as well as continue the path toward energy efficiency with catalysis and product design at the forefront.
Global Change
Concerns for climate change, oceanic temperature, stratospheric chemistry and global distillation can be addressed through the development and implementation of green chemistry technologies.
Resource Depletion
Due
to the over utilization of nonrenewable resources, natural resources are being depleted at an unsustainable rate. Fossil fuels are a central issue.
Resource Depletion
Renewable
resources can be made increasingly viable technologically and economically through green chemistry.
Biomass Nanoscience & technology Solar Carbon dioxide Chitin Waste utilization
Food Supply
While current food levels are sufficient, distribution is inadequate Agricultural methods are unsustainable Future food production intensity is needed. Green chemistry can address many food supply issues
Food Supply
Green
chemistry is developing:
Pesticides which only affect target organisms and degrade to innocuous by-products. Fertilizers and fertilizer adjuvants that are designed to minimize usage while maximizing effectiveness. Methods of using agricultural wastes for beneficial and profitable uses.
that are toxic to humans, the biosphere and all that sustains it, are currently still being released at a cost of life, health and sustainability. One of green chemistrys greatest strengths is the ability to design for reduced hazard.
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TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN SUSTAINABILITY, WE WILL LOOK AT THE FIRST TWO POINTS
The environment and human health A stable economy that uses energy and resources efficiently
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IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Technologies used for production of needed goods are not harmful to the environment or to human health. Renewable resources (such as plant-based substances or solar energy) are used rather than those, like fossil fuels, that will eventually run out.
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IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Materials are recycled at the end of their use if they are not biodegradable (easily broken down into harmless substances in the environment).
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IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Manufacturing processes are either designed so as not to produce waste products, OR Waste products are recycled or biodegradable.
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WHILE WE HAVE MADE SOME PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING THESE GOALS, WE STILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO
Mountains of solid waste are piling upparticularly in industrialized nations. Air and water pollution continue to be problems in many places.
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First, lets consider chemistrys benefits The chemical industry produces many products that improve our lives and upon which we depend.
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Most of the environmental problems of past centuries and decades, such as the biological contamination of drinking water, were solved only when the methods of science in generaland chemistry in particularwere applied to them.
The phenomenal rise in human life expectancy and in the material quality of life that has come about in recent decades is due in no small measure to chemicals and chemistry.
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Although the positive contributions of chemistry and the chemical industry are many, some pollution problems have also resulted. Many of these problems can now be solved.
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MANY COUNTRIES HAVE ALREADY ENACTED LAWS AND SIGNED INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO REDUCE POLLUTION LEVELS, INCLUDING:
Montreal Protocol to Protect the Ozone Layer Global Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
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Despite these efforts, large quantities of harmful substances are still being released into the environment.
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Conclusion
Green chemistry not a solution to all environmental problems But the most fundamental approach to preventing pollution.
Thank you