Information Retrieval Interaction Model

M. Abu ul Fazal PhD 1st Human Information Interaction Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad.

Introduction
IR emerged in 50s and 60s as static, batch processing systems In 70s, the access to IT systems became dynamic and interactive Later, interaction became the most important feature of IR IR Interactions means, ways, models and types still
Evolving Changing Improving at times

Still, Research on interactive aspects of IR has not reached a maturity

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Introduction
Number of interactive IR models have been proposed (some are reviewed below), and the literature on IR interaction is growing. the traditional IR model implies interaction, but it does not addresses the interactive processes directly
not been successful in recognizing the major variables involved in interaction less in evaluation of interactive aspects of IR

Interactive IR Model Characteristics

provide an enumeration and distinction between different kinds of interactive processes going on during IR enumerate the major classes of variables involved in all interactions, and in specific kinds of interactions, incorporate the relations to major elements in the computer side of IR systems, models and definitions used in HCI research be applicable in evaluation of interactive IR be testable in a scientific sense
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Traditional IR Model
Two prong set (system and user) of elements and processes converging on comparison or matching

The central questions for IR interactions:

What variables are involved in different kinds of interaction? How do they affect the process, and performance or outcomes? How to control them? To what extent do certain interventions (e.g. patterns of dialogue) improve or degrade the process and outcomes? Can interfaces be designed so that they give choices that will improve performances in a variety of kinds of interactions?
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Belkins episode model

Nick Belkin is pioneer in advancing the interactive viewpoint in information retrieval
engaged in identification of a variety of components and processes in information seeking by users of IR systems and other information and library services, and in classification of the interactive variables

Belkin and colleagues undertaken development of a radically different IR interaction model by considering
real problem in IR is not how to represent texts but how to represent the users Anomalous State of Knowledge (ASK), the cognitive and situational aspects for seeking information and approaching an IR system
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Belkins episode model

Model is connected to cognitive processes,
it concentrates and it is based on the more specific processes of users information seeking behavior.

Considers user interaction with an IR systems as a sequence of differing interactions in an episodes of information seeking The central process is users interaction with information. Each of the traditional IR processes can be instantiated in a variety of ways. Processes enumerated as
REPRESENTATION, COMPARISON, NAVIGATION and VISUALIZATION SUMMARIZATION,
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Belkins episode model

User engages over time in a number of different kinds of interactions, each dependent on a number of factors, such as
users current task, goals, intentions, the history of the episode, the kind of information objects being interacted with, and possibly other factors, that need to be uncovered through observation

Belkins episode model

The different kinds of interactions support variety of processes such as
judgment, interpretation, modification, browsing and so on.

Belkin enunciates that the problem of IR interfaces is to devise methods and ways to optimally support different kinds of interactions and different kinds of information seeking strategies

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Belkins episode model

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Strengths & Weaknesses

Tefko Saracevic identified following Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths
The strength of this model is it directly addresses interaction, and goes on to specify that there a number of types of interactions Depicted greater detail of information seeking strategies and related interactions which suggests basis that what kind of approaches are needed (including design of interfaces) to optimize interaction.

Weakness
The scripts require a great deal of specificity for every process and situation involved, and as such had limited practical application, it is not clear at all that humans actually act according to scripts

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stratified model of IR interaction (Saracevic, 1997)

The stratified model of IR interaction (Saracevic, 1997) includes
the two-track aspect of the traditional model indicating adaptation.

This model accounts for multiple dimensions of user involvement in IR processes i.e.
user environment and situation, user knowledge, goals, intent, beliefs, and tasks.

Model improves on the traditional model by showing the complexity of a users environment. Saracevic notes deeper level cognitive and situational aspects in interaction can and often do change
problem or question is redefined, refocused
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Stratified interaction model

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Weaknesses
David Robins identified following weaknesses
Potential weakness of the model lies in its
lack of description of temporal effect.

Notwithstanding, no mention of the effects time and iteration is included in his model

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Model for Interactive Web Information Retrieval

this model adds two new cycles in addition to the traditional query reformulation cycle
Interactive Query Refinement
interactive query refinement loop provide specific supplemental information based on supplemental information that is relevant to the users information needs. Provide tools to support focus on query formulation task. Visual representations of the query information for an interactive query refinement tool is highly recommended. A preview of the search results should be provided. This will help to promote an understanding of whether the queries are an accurate reflection of their information needs. The interactive query refinement loop should promote exploration and experimentation with the query.

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Model for Interactive Web Information Retrieval

Interactive Search Results Exploration
In order to promote an effective exploration of the web search results, many document surrogates must be retrieved and made available to the users. Providing coordinated views at different levels of details can allow the users to take both a micro- and a macro-view of the web search results. generating visual representations of the document surrogates can allow the users to more effectively understand the features of the search results. As the users explore the web search results, their decisions should result in a re-ranking and subsequent re-sorting of the search results. Further, the exploration decisions the users make must be reflected instantly in the visual representation of the search results. It should be made clear that these documents have been viewed, allows the users to re-rank the search results.

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Model for Interactive Web Information Retrieval

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My Model
Considering Google internet family, that is offering plenty of service to its users These services are
Youtube, Google Plus, Gmail, Blog Service, Google Scholar, Google Search Engine, etc

Viewing the diversity of Services where user interact, Google can fetch the context of User or it may be helpful to greater extent Considering the example quoted by my fellow Model where user came up with nude model as a result set Context of the Model can be easily captured by the Google if it works on the activities performed on its fellow 19 sites

My Model
In social project Google Plus I have written in about me that I am doing PhD. these days. I regularly visits YouTube watching latest trends in HII Reading latest blogs also Visiting Google scholar Regularly doing emails to my fellow using associated Gmail account. Entering terms continuously queries related to HII in Google SE By keeping the record of each activity Google can easily assume the context for Model 20 For this Google essentially need to register user and keep them logged in.

My Model
Each activity of the user may be recorded for the purpose of better service to user Once context of the query would be understood that organization and presentation of the result set can be improved significantly So essentially what I am proposing in my model is few elements which can help system to understand the context of the query

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Including Context

User Activities
Registered at Google Family & Remains Logged in Google Plus You Tube Blog G-Mail - - ---So on

Fetching Context

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References
Tefko Saracevic, PhD , Modeling interaction in information retrieval (IR): a review and proposal: Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science, vol 33 Nicholas J. Belkin, Michael Cole, and Jingjing Liu: A Model for Evaluation of Interactive Information Retrieval, School of Communication & Information Rutgers University Orland Hoeber and Xue Dong Yang, A Model for Interactive Web Information Retrieval: University of Regina David Robins, Interactive Information Retrieval: Context and Basic Notions: Louisiana State University, School of Library and Information Science

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