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Positive and Negative Charge

Positive charge Protons Negative charge - Electrons

Transferring Charge Static electricity The


accumulation of excess electric charge on an object Example:
When you walk on a carpet, electrons are transferred from the carpet to the soles of your shoes. The soles of your shoes have an excess of electrons and become negative charged. The carpet has lost electrons and has an excess of positive charge.

Static Electricity
Static electricity example Static Electricity video

Friction Occurs when objects


rub together and electrons move from the surface of an object to the other surface.

Electroscope
An electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of static electricity. It consists of two thin metal leaves suspended from a metal hook. Electroscope in action

Current Electricity
The flow of electrical charge. Needs a complete circuit:
source of electrons something to use electrons path for electrons to travel

Charges Exert Forces


Unlike charges attract each other Like charges repel each other Force of electric charges decreases with distance
Example: Clothes in a dryer
As clothes tumble the atoms in some clothes gain electrons and become negatively charged, which others become positively charged.

Conductors and Insulators


Conductor A material in which electrons are able to move easily.
Example: Metal

Insulators A material in which electrons are not able to move easily.


Example: Plastics, wood, rubber

Conduction
Occurs when electrons are transferred from one material to another by direct contact.

Induction
Occurs when charges on an object are rearranged without physical contact.

Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.

Components of an Electromagnet It consists of a length of


conductive wire, usually copper, wrapped around a piece of metal. A current is introduced, either from a battery or another source of electricity, and flows through the wire. This creates a magnetic field around the coiled wire, magnetizing the metal as if it were a permanent magnet.

BAM, Electromagnet!

Permanent Magnets
As you know, magnets have two poles, "north" and "south," and attract things made of iron, steel, etc. You have two bar magnets with their ends marked "north" and "south," the north end of one magnet will attract the south end of the other. On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other An electromagnet is the same way, except it is "temporary" -- the magnetic field only exists when electric current is flowing.

Magnetite
A natural stone that has magnetic properties

Electric Currents
Electric current The net movement of electric charges in a single direction.
Measured in ampheres

Electrical Energy
Circuits
3 Components
A source of voltage difference A device that uses electrical energy A conductor that connects the device to the voltage difference

Series Circuit The current


has only one loop to flow through Provides only one path for the current to flow.
Example: flashlight

Contains two or more branches for current to move through. Current can flow through both of either of the braches Advantage
When one branch is shut off, the circuit continues to flow through the other branches
Used in houses - parts can be turned off without affecting the entire circuit.

Parallel Circuits

Circuit Resources
circuit information

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