Lecture 2 - Cross Section and Correlation

PAB 2084/PCB 2044 Well Logging & Formation Evaluation Lecture 2 Cross Section and Correlation
MD HABIBUR RAHMAN/GEOSCIENCES/UTP
By: Md Habibur Rahman Lecturer Department of Geosciences Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS habibur.rahman@petronas.com.my Office 19-03-14, Extn: 7114
1
Outcome
Cross-Sections
Stratigraphic cross-sections
Structural cross-sections
Problem-solving cross-sections Finished illustration (show) cross-sections
Correlation sections
Classic Cross-Section Illustrations by Stephen Biesty

3
Geologic Cross-Sections
Geologic Cross Sections Geologic cross sections cross sections constitute a very important geological exploration and exploitation tool.
They are useful in all phases of subsurface geology as well as in reservoir engineering. Cross sections are used for solving structural and stratigraphic problems in addition to being employed as finished illustrations for display or presentation.
Planning a cross-section
The answers to these questions facilitate the preparation of the section and improve its value as an aid to solving problems or illustrating the final geologic picture. What is the purpose of the cross-section? Is the section going to be used as a structural or stratigraphic aid to solving problems? Is it going to be used as a communication device to illustrate the final geologic picture? Will the section show the gross geologic framework or be designed to show significant detail? What sources of data are to be used in the construction? Should the section be prepared true to scale (with the same vertical and horizontal scales) or at an exaggerated scale?
What datum is to be used?
The answers to these questions provide insight into the planning and preparation of any proposed cross-section. Firstly, you determine the specific objective for preparing a crosssection.ion of any proposed cross-section. The next step in preparing a cross-section is to choose the orientation of the line of section.
First on the type of section you intend to prepare (structure or stratigraphic) Second, on the type of geologic structure (i.e. dispirit, extensional, compressional, or strike-slip) Third, on the data to be used in the section (well logs, seismic data, structure maps, or surface data)
Finally, the scales of the proposed section must be selected. Two separate scales must be considered: the vertical and the horizontal.
Stratigraphic Cross Sections

Problems related to changing stratigraphy require a stratigraphic cross section.
Strat cross-sections allow the petroleum geologist to see some things more clearly. Geologists make a whole lot of stratigraphic cross-sections as they try to figure out what the rocks are doing and where they are going.
Stratigraphic cross-sections
They are drawn to illustrate
stratigraphic correlations
unconformities permeability barriers stratigraphic thickness changes facies changes other stratigraphic characteristics
Constructing the Stratigraphic Cross-Section

The geologist takes a long piece of paper, or a computer, and makes a long, straight horizontal line called a stratigraphic datum. He looks at the electric logs that will go into the cross-section, and identifies a marker bed that he can find on every single well log.
Each electric log is hung on the stratigraphic datum line. Hanging the line on the marker-bed stratigraphic datum allows the petroleum geologist to see the relationship of the formations more clearly, and proceed to the important work of connecting them properly. This kind of cross-section does not show a true representation of the vertical depth change between wells. The geologist will need to make a structural cross-section to see that relationship.
10
Constructing the Stratigraphic Cross-Section

The geologist then looks at the various formations that can be identified on the electric logs. In this case, several sandstones are visible. He tries to connect the formations so the cross-section will look similar to real geology he has observed on field trips, or studied in school. This process of showing on paper what we think the real world looks like is called modeling, because we are making a model of what we might see if we could dig it up! Our models may be good, or they may be bad, but geologists make a lot of models!
11
Figure : Simple Stratigraphic Cross-Section The most interesting thing about this particular cross-section is the way sand 3 disappears between wells 3 and 4. This is called a pinch-out, and is a very common thing in petroleum geology. This is one of the things that makes geology interesting, puzzling, and challenging! If the oil or gas is contained only within sandstone 3, the two wells on the left (10 and 4) would be dry holes, because no sand 3 was present.
12
geomore.com
A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made with Digital Well Log Images
Figure 2. Stratigraphic Cross-Section With Well Log Images
13
A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made with Digital Well Log Images

Here is a stratigraphic cross-section (Figure) generated using a computer and image files of the well logs. In this case, the petroleum geologist has chosen a hot shale (high gamma-ray reading) for the datum . All the well logs are hung on the datum. The green and yellow areas represent pay zones. These pay zones are intervals the petroleum geologist believes may produce oil or gas. The red bars show where some of the zones have been perforated for production.
14
A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made From Digital Well Log Data
Figure: Computer-Drawn Stratigraphic Cross-Section

15
A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made From Digital Well Log Data

The next stratigraphic cross-section was generated with a computer using digital well logs (Figure). Notice how the rocks are displayed between the well logs as the geologist believes they lie underground. The brighter yellow colors represent the better sand quality in the well. This kind of display is especially useful to help explain things to non-geologists.
16
Stratigraphic Cross-Section
Stratigraphic Cross-Section
Once the petroleum geologist gets electric logs, well samples, or core data from two or more wells, he will make a cross-section. With a structural cross-section, he will attempt to show the various positions of the rock formations as they actually look underground.
The geologist knows the elevation above sea level for each of the wells. He wants to show a model of the way the wells would line up if they could be viewed from the side! This is the same as looking at the side of a layer cake that has been cut. When one looks at a 19 cut layer cake, one is looking at a cross-section.
structural cross-sections illustrate structural features such as Dips Faults Folds
They are usually prepared to study structural problems related to subsurface units, fault geometry, and general correlations.
Datums
How Datums Work?? The geologist will choose a structural datum, or artificial elevation first, depending on the depth of the logs. For example, he chooses a datum that is 500 feet below sea level (-500). The geologist wants to take his electric logs and hang them on the datum so that they are all hung, or lined up, on the same datum. The concept of the structural datum is slightly more complicated than the idea of the stratigraphic datum.
21
Datums
The PG has 4 wells to work with: Well #1 has a ground level elevation of +1000 feet (1000 feet above sea level. Well #2 has a ground level elevation of +1050 feet. Well #3 has a ground level elevation of +1045 feet. Well #4 has a ground level elevation of +1060 feet. The geologist looks at the electric log for each well, and determines where the -500-foot datum will be located on each log How Its Done??
22
Datums
How Its Done: Well #1 has a ground level elevation of +1000 feet. In order to get to -500 feet, the geologist must go down the log to a drilled depth of 1500 feet (+1000 1500 = -500 feet). He makes a mark on the first log at a depth of 1500 feet. He follows the same method for each of the remaining logs, until they each have a mark on them at the -500 feet datumwherever it lies on the well log. It will be at a different place on each log. Then, the -500 datum is drawn as a horizontal straight line on paper, or a computer. The geologist places each log on the paper; he lines them up so the pencil mark on the log lines up with the datum line on the paper.
23
After the logs are placed correctly, he draws lines between the formations he believes are the same in each well. On the crosssection at the left, he has picked a Marker Bed and the A Sand. He draws pencil lines connecting the Marker Bed and the top and bottom of the A Sand.
24
Notice how the formations picked on the cross-section are tilted. This shows the actual way the formations are tilted in the earth. Rock formations below the surface of the earth are almost never perfectly flat. It is the tilting and and folding of the rock layers that create so many oil and gas traps for the petroleum geologist to find.
25
A Large Cross-Section A very large structural cross-section is shown below. Large mean the cross-section covers a large land area. This type of cross-section is more like a cartoon, and shows rock layers over a horizontal distance of several hundred miles.
26
Computer Help:
Most cross-sections are now generated with computers. This avoids a lot of tedious drafting that was formerly required. The geologist can quickly adjust the datums, or slip the logs up and down to make better correlations, and make other changes quickly.
27
The green and yellow areas on this computer-drawn structural crosssection (hung on the sea-level datum) represent pay zones. These pay zones are intervals the petroleum geologist believes may produce oil or gas. The red bars on the cross-section show where some of the zones have been perforated for production.
28
Problems-solving cross-sections
Finished Illustration (show) Cross Sections

A finished illustration (show) cross section illustrates the final interpretation. It is constructed after all the faults and structure maps have been prepared, and it is used to compliment the fault and structure maps.
Finished illustration cross sections also serve as visual aids to communicate and present the final geologic interpretation
36
Figure (a) straight-line problem-solving cross-section
Figure (b) finished illustration cross-section constructed from completed fault and structure maps. Observe that the correlation between wells reflects the true geometry of the horizon and faults as opposed to the initial straight line interpretation (Figure a)
Figure 6-12 (a) correlation section is first laid out by hanging the logs on a reference datum and correlating all recognizable shale markers.
Figure 6-12 (b) completed correlation section shows the lateral and vertical continuity (or lack of continuity) of the individual sands seen in each well.

Lecture 2 - Cross Section and Correlation

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Lecture 2 - Cross Section and Correlation

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

PAB 2084/PCB 2044 Well Logging & Formation Evaluation Lecture 2 Cross Section and Correlation

Problem-solving cross-sections Finished illustration (show) cross-sections

Classic Cross-Section Illustrations by Stephen Biesty

What datum is to be used?

Stratigraphic Cross Sections

Constructing the Stratigraphic Cross-Section

Constructing the Stratigraphic Cross-Section

A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made with Digital Well Log Images

Figure 2. Stratigraphic Cross-Section With Well Log Images

A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made with Digital Well Log Images

A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made From Digital Well Log Data

Figure: Computer-Drawn Stratigraphic Cross-Section

A Stratigraphic Cross-Section Made From Digital Well Log Data

Finished Illustration (show) Cross Sections

Figure (a) straight-line problem-solving cross-section

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi