Genetica lly Modified Crops

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GM Crops

Crops in which genetic material has been altered in the way it does not occur naturally.

It allow selected genes to be transferred from one organism into another, also between non related speices. Example gene of Bacillus thuringenisis incorporated
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in corn and cotton for pest control.

History

The first field trails of GM Crops France and USA 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides.

The people of Republics of China was first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a Virus
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resistance tobacco in 1992.

Traits on which scientists are focusing to produce GM Crops Insect resistance

Herbicide tolerance Disease resistance Drought resistance and salinity tolerance Phytoremediation Food applications
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- Nutritional Values

Techniques

Natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability ofAgrobacteriumto transfer genetic material to plants.

Microinjection Electroporation Biolistics Lipofection Calcium phosphate precipitation

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Food

Properties of the genetically modified variety

Modification Herbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria inserted into soybean

Soybeans Resistant toglyphosateorglufosinate herbicides

Corn, field Resistant New genes, some from the (Maize) toglyphosateorglufosinateherbici bacteriumBacillus des. Insect resistance via producing Bt thuringiensis, proteins, some previously used as added/transferred into plant pesticides in organic crop genome. production. Rice Golden Rice: genetically modified to containbeta-carotene(a source ofvitamin A) Current version of Golden Rice under development contains genes from maize and a common soil microorganism. Previous version contained three new genes: two fromdaffodilsand the third from abacterium

Sugar beetResistance to glyphosate, glufosinate New genes added/transferred herbicides into plant genome 7/25/12 Resistance to certain pesticides, high New genes added/transferred

Tomatoes Variety in which the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is suppressed, retarding fruit softening after harvesting

A reverse copy (anantisense gene) of the gene responsible for the production of PG enzyme added into plant genome Bt crystal protein gene added/transferred into plant genome a crystal proteingene(Cry1Ac) from the soilbacterium Bacillus thuringiensisinto thegenomeof various brinjal

Cotton (cottonsee Pest-resistant cotton d oil) Brinjal resistant againstlepidopteron insects

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How common are GMO foods?

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Possible Risks of GM Foods

Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate weeds, resulting in "superweeds"

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Certain gene products may be allergens, thus causing harm to human health

There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects .

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Economic Hazards

Elimination of competition

GM seeds are patented Plants with sterile seeds that are infertile are created Farmers are forced to buy seeds every year

Suicide seeds

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Labeling for GMOs

GE product labelling by country

85 80 75 70 65 60 55
nd la a l Ire tug u rg r b Po em x Lu ly Ita in a Sp ny US ma er G tria s Au gium l s Be nce nd a rla Fr th e n Ne ed e Sw ece re G UKland n a Fi d na ark Ca nm De

Percentage of customers that want to have labelling in products that include GE foods7/25/12 in different countries (Data from: Center for Food Safety, 2000 and Eurobarometer, 1997)

Percentage pro labelling

Possible Benefits of GM Foods

Easing of world hunger

Development of crops that

can be grown in marginal soil

Reduced strain on nonrenewable resources

Development of drought

resistant crops
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Development of

Possible Benefits of GM Foods

Improved crop quality

Development of frost

resistant crops .

Development of disease

resistant crops

Development of flood

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resistant crops

Benefits

It is healthier than normal foods as they are either pesticide-free or pesticide-resistant, which means that we do not have to eat pesticide.

Overall better for our health, just like organic plants.

GM foods can be modified to have a longer shelf life such that it can be stored for longer
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of time without going bad.

Benefits

GM crops are mostly altered for extra nutritional value for more health benefits.

This includes modifying crops so that they produce an extra amount of healthy substances such as Vitamins as well as things like Iron and Antioxidants

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Benefits

Certain GM crops such as bananas can be modified such that they serve as vaccines to certain diseases.

These vaccines can be ingested along with the banana, making it convenient and less painful than injections

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REGULATION OF GMOs
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) develop policy, regulations and review of all environmental (field trials to commercial plantings of genetically engineered microorganisms, animals and plants). Permits are issued by APHIS after scientific review of of potential environmental impacts.

The Food and Drug Administration determines the safety of new plant or animal products. It does not focus on the mechanism by which they were produced. New plants produced by Biotechnology or by traditional breeding methods must be tested for safety and nutrition in an alike manner.

The Environmental Protection Agency establishes regulations and registration requirements based upon the toxicity and environmental impact of new pesticidal products or plants with introduced pesticidal traits.

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Thank you
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