IP FUNDAMENTALS

Some basic definations

IP- Internet Protocol Routing Routing is the act of moving information across a network from a source to a destination. Subnet Network Elements (NEs) connected to a common site. LAN should be considered as a subnet (from an IP point of view). All equipment connected to that site LAN must be configured with IP addresses and subnet mask belonging to that subnet.

 Static routing In static routing are the routing table entered and updated manually Dynamic routing (OSPF) The OSPF protocol automatically calculates the best route to a destination, based on the total cost of using the interfaces required to reach that destination.

IP address restrictions

The OSI Model

OSI Model is meant for Networking manufacturers and developers to provide them a standard based on which they can make their products. All OSI Layers are independent from each other, which makes introducing changes easier as no other layers are effected. Ease of Troubleshooting.

Why a Layered Network Model?

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Reduces complexity (one big problem to seven smaller ones) Facilitates modular engineering Assures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning

Devices Function at Layers

7 6
NIC Card

Application Presentation Session

4 3 2 1

Transport Network Data Link Physical

Hub

Host Layers
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network 3 Data Link

Host layers: Provide

accurate data delivery between computers

Physical

Media Layers
7 6 5 4 Transport 3 2 1 Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session

}
}

Host layers: Provide

accurate data delivery between computers

Media layers: Control

physical delivery of messages over the network

Layer Functions
7 Application
Provides network services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation) excel, word as eg.

Layer Functions
7 6 Application Network services to applications Data representation Ensures data is readable by receiving system Format of data Data structure

Presentation

Layer Functions
7 6 5 Application Network services to applications Data representation Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications Dial up communication Dial up control- simplex duplex Checks other machine if free to communicate

Presentation
Session

Layer Functions
7 6 5 Application Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability
Concerned with data transport issues between hosts Data transport reliability Establishes, maintains, and terminates virtual circuits Error recovery Information flow control CO and CL type 3-way handshake

Presentation
Session

Transport

Layer Functions
7 6 5 Application Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability Addresses and best path
Generates packets,assigns IP address Provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems Domain of routing

Presentation
Session

4
3

Transport
Network

Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Network services to applications Data representation

Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability

Addresses and best path Access to media
Provides Arbitration CSMA/CD. Physical addressing, network topology. Error detection FCS, CRC

3
2

Layer Functions
7

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Network services to applications

6
5 4 3 2 1

Data representation
Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability

Addresses and best path

Access to media Binary transmission Wires, connectors.

Hardware involved in IP network

Hubs Bridges

Switches
Routers

Hub
Device that serves as the center of a star topology network, sometimes referred to as a multiport repeater, no forwarding intelligence

Hubs
123 126

124

127

Hub
125 128

Amplifies signals Propagates signals through the network Does not filter data packets based on destination No path determination or switching Used as network concentration point

Hubs Operate at Physical layer

Physical

All devices in the same collision domain All devices in the same broadcast domain Devices share the same bandwidth

Hubs: One Collision Domain

More end stations means more collisions
CSMA/CD is used

Bridge
Device that connects and passes packets between two network segments. More intelligent than hubanalyzes incoming packets and forwards (or filters) them based on addressing information.

Bridge Example
123 126 124

Bridge
127

Hub
125

Hub
128

Segment 1

Corporate Intranet

Segment 2

More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets and forward (or filter) them based on addressing information Collects and passes packets between two network segments Maintains address tables

Switches
Use bridging technology to forward traffic between ports. Provide full dedicated data transmission rate between two stations that are directly connected to the switch ports. Build and maintain address tables called content-addressable memory (CAM).

SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation

31

10-Mbps UTP Cable Dedicated Switch

34 35

32

100 Mbps

100 Mbps Corporate Intranet

33

36

Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e. maintains address tables, and can filter) Provides full dedicated transmission rate between stations that are connected to switch ports Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking All types availableEthernet, Token Ring, ATM

Switches and Bridges Operate at Data Link Layer

Data Link

OR

Each segment has its own collision domain All segments are in the same broadcast domain

Switches

Switch
Memory

Each segment has its own collision domain Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments

Routers

Interconnect LANs and WANs Provide path determination using metrics Forward packets from one network to another Control broadcasts to the network

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

1.1
1.0 4.0

4.1

1.2

1.3 E0

2.1

2.2 S0

4.3

S0

4.2

E0

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 E0 0 2 S0 0 4 S0 1

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 S0 1 2 S0 0 4 E0 0

Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network Configuration required Uses configured information to identify paths to networks

Routers: Operate at the Network Layer

Broadcast control Optimal path determination

Traffic management
Logical addressing Connects to WAN services

Network Device Domains

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains: 1 4 Broadcast Domains: 4 4

Network Cabling
Media connecting network components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the cable LAN cables only carry one signal at a time WAN cables can carry multiple signals simultaneously

Three primary types of cabling

Twisted-pair (or copper) Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable

Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

STP only: Shielded Insulation to Reduce EMI Twisted-Pair Outer Jacket

Color-Coded Plastic Insulation

Speed and throughput: Relative cost: Maximum cable length:

10/100 Mbps Least costly 100 m

RJ-45 Connector

Media and connector size: Small

Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket Braided Copper Shielding Plastic Insulation Copper Conductor

BNC Connector

Speed and throughput: Relative cost:

10/100 Mbps More than UTP, but still low

Media and connector size:

Maximum cable length:

Medium
200/500 m

Fiber-Optic Cable
Outer Jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material Plastic Shield Glass Fiber and Cladding

Speed and throughput: Average cost per node:

100+ Mbps Most expensive

Media and connector size: Small

Maximum cable length: single mode

Up to 2 km for multimode, 100km for

Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes

Static Route
Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually

Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes

Static Route Example

Point-to-point
A A

Only a single network connection with no need for routing updates

B B Stub network

Fixed route to address reflects administrators knowledge

IP Route command

ip route [destination_network ][mask ] [next_hop_address or exit interface ]

It is a Global configuration mode command.

Above command is used for configuring routing table in Static Routing

Default Routes
Stub Network
172.16.1.0 SR

Network

A 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

B B

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A.

Static Routing
Static Routing is the process of an administrator manually adding routes in each routers routing table. Benefits of Static Routing No overhead on the Router CPU No Bandwidth usage between routers Security (Administrator can allow routing to selected networks) Disadvantage of Static Routing The administrator must really understand the full internetwork to configure routes correctly. If one network is added to the internetwork the administrator must add a route to it on all routers. It is not feasible in large networks because it would be a full-time job.

DYNAMIC ROUTING
Dynamic Routing: Dynamic routing is the process of routing protocols running on the router communicating with neighbor routers. If a change occurs in the network the dynamic routing protocols automatically inform all routers about the change.

Dynamic Routing
Most internetworks use dynamic routing

B
C

B
C

A network change blocks the established path...

and an alternate route is found dynamically.

DYNAMIC ROUTING

All dynamic routing protocols are built around an algorithm. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

Understanding Virtual LANs

Virtual LANs
VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3

One broadcast domain within a switch

VLANs help manage broadcast domain Can be defined on port groups, users, or protocols

Server Farm

LAN switches and network management software provide a mechanism to create VLANs

VLAN Definition

VLAN is defined as logical grouping of network resources & Users connected to predefined ports on a Switch, defined by An Administrator.

VLAN
VLANs are used to create smaller broadcast domain within a switch. A Single VLAN is treated as a separate subnet or broadcast domain.

 In layer 2 switched network, broadcast packet transmitted arrives at every device on the network , whether intended or not for that device

Drawback of Layer 2 Switched Network

Larger the number of Devices and Users, the more broadcasts and packets are to be handle by each device Lack of Security, the only security is assigning passwords on the Servers and other devices. The Solution is VLAN

Remove the Physical Boundaries

Engineering Marketing Acctg.

Floor 3

Floor 2

Floor 1

Group users by department, team, or application Routers provide communication between VLANs

VLAN Benefits
Reduced administrative costs Simplify moves, adds, and changes Efficient bandwidth utilization Better control of broadcasts Improved network security Separate VLAN group for high-security users Relocate servers into secured locations Scalability and performance Micro segment with scalability Distribute traffic load

Advantages of VLAN
Broadcast Control: Multimedia applications use broadcasts and multicast heavily, moreover, faulty equipment, inadequate segmentation can be major players for the above problem. Switches forwards broadcasts to all segments and hence called as Flat Network because it is one Broadcast Domain.

Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses

172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1

172.18.0.2
10.13.0.0 10.13.0.1

HDR SA DA DATA

172.16.0.2
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1

172.17.0.1

172.17.0.2

Unique addressing allows communication between end stations. Path choice is based on destination address.

Location is represented by an address

IPv4 Addressing
32-bit addresses Commonly expressed in dotted decimal format (e.g., 192.168.10.12) Each dotted decimal is commonly called an octet (8 bits)

IP Addressing
32 bits Dotted Decimal Maximum Network Host

255

255

255

255

IP Addressing
32 bits Dotted Decimal Maximum
1

Network

Host

255
8 9

255
16 17

255
24 25

255
32

Binary

11111111 11111111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111 11111111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

IP Addressing
32 bits Dotted Decimal Maximum
1

Network

Host

255
8 9

255
16 17

255
24 25

255
32

Binary

11111111 11111111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111 11111111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Example 172 16 122 204 Decimal Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100 Binary

IP Address Classes
8 bits 8 bits Host 8 bits Host Host 8 bits Host Host Host

Class A:
Class B: Class C: Class D: Class E:

Network

Network Network

Network Network Network

Multicast Research

IP Address Classes
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Class A:
Bits:

0NNNNNNN
Range (1-126) 1 8 9

Host
16 17 Network 16 17 Network

Host
24 25 Host 24 25

Host
32 Host 32 Host 24 25 32

Class B:
Bits:

10NNNNNN

Range (128-191) 1 8 9
110NNNNN Range (192-223) 1 8 9

Class C:
Bits:

Network 16 17

Class D:

1110MMMM

Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group

Range (224-239)

IP AddressingClass A
10.222.135.17 Network # 10 Host # 222.135.17

Range of class A network IDs: 1126

Number of available hosts: 16,777,214

IP AddressingClass B
128.128.141.245 Network # 128.128

Host # 141.245
Range of class B network IDs: 128.1191.254 Number of available hosts: 65,534

IP AddressingClass C
192.150.12.1

Network # 192.150.12
Host # 1

Range of class C network IDs: 192.0.1223.255.254

Number of available hosts: 254

IP Network Address Classes

Class # Networks
126 16,384

# Hosts
16,777,214 65,534 254

Example
01111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

A B
C
Class A Class B

10111111

11111111

00000000

00000000

2,097,152

11011111

11111111

11111111

00000000

35.0.0.0 128.5.0.0

Host Address Space

Class C

132.33.33.0

Network Address Space

Private Addresses
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

THANKS