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Understand Partitions, LVM, RAID, and File Systems Perform a SLES 11 Installation Understand the File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Hard disks can be logically divided into smaller portions called partitions
Primary partition: continuous range of cylinders
Limited to four primary partitions on x86 systems
Extended partition: continuous range of cylinders that can be subdivided into logical partitions
One primary partition can be an extended partition
Linux hard drive names are /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, /dev/sdd Partitions follow naming convention for the hard drive, followed by a partition number
Table 2-2 Device Name for Partitions Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Conventional partitioning of hard disk is inflexible LVM provides a volume group pool of memory space
Space used to generate logical volumes
Accessed by OS like conventional physical partitions
Lets you resize the physical media during operation without affecting the applications
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Software RAID
RAID: used to combine hard disk partitions into one large virtual hard disk for optimizing performance
Hardware RAID: hard disks are connected to a separate RAID controller
Seen by OS as one device, no additional RAID configuration necessary at OS level
RAID 5: data and a checksum are distributed across the hard disks
Minimum number of disks is three
RAID 6: comparable to RAID 5, two disks can fail without data loss
Minimum number of disks is four
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Figure 2-1 LVM Components Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administration: CLA, LPIC-1 & Linux+ 14
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Figure 2-3 ext2 File System Structure Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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ReiserFS Format
Organizes data differently than ext2
Fixed block size of 4096 bytes, but small files and ends of files stored together in the same block Inodes created only when they are actually needed Faster access to files
Use of balanced binary trees in organization of data blocks Require more processing power
Filename can be up to 255 characters long Path can be up to 4096 characters long, including slashes
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Directories
Contain filenames and the number of the inode for the file
Serve as tables
Inode numbers are assigned line by line to filenames View the inode number using the ls i command
. file: link to the current directory .. file: link to previous layer in the direction of the root
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Links
Link: File that points to another file
Hard link: another entry in a directory that points to the inode of a file that already has a file name
Link and original file are indistinguishable Created using ln command File and link must be in the same partition, because inodes are unique only within a partition
Symbolic link: file of its own that points to another file in the file system
Link has different inode than original file Created using ln s command
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A journal based file system records of current transactions kept and updated upon completion
In case of corruption, need to check what transactions were not completed
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Language dialog: used to select language and keyboard layout and agree to license agreement
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If verification succeeds, system hardware is probed and corresponding basic kernel drivers are loaded
Set the Clock and Time Zone and Specify the Server Base Scenario
Configure clock and time zone
YaST sets time zone based on language selection
If hardware clock set to UTC, system time set according to time zone and automatically adjusted
Optimal partitioning scheme for a server depends on the purpose of the server SLES installation needs at least two partitions:
Swap partition: Extends the physically available system RAM Root partition: holds the root directory (/)
The Basic Linux Partitioning Scheme and Changing the Default Partitioning Proposal
Change default partitioning proposal to create partitions for directories in the file system
Adds a degree of stability to the system Use YaST Expert Partitioner to do this
Entry with information for each partition on hard disk
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To edit an existing partition, select it from the YaST Expert Partitioner list
Can only edit primary and logical partitions Can change all the options about a partition except its size
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Select Software
SLES 11 includes variety of software packages
Patterns: categories of packages based on function
Can be selected for installation as a group YaST often preselects software patterns by default
Language: support for additional languages Repositories: configured installation sources Search: search for packages Installation summary
Set password for root user, who has unlimited access to do anything
Should be used only for administrative tasks Password should be hard to guess
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To delete existing network card configuration, highlight it and press delete When finished changing network card, configurations save and return to proposal
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Test the Internet Connection and Configure Novell Customer Center Configuration and Online Update
Test connection to the Internet
Can choose to do this now or at a later stage, but then cant update the system during installation
Manage Users
Need to configure user authentication method to be one of the following:
Local: traditional file based authentication method
This is the default
LDAP: configures system as LDAP client NIS: configures system as NIS client Windows domain: configures server to use the user and group accounts in the Windows domain for authentication
If not sure what method to use, use Local Next steps depend on the method selected.
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Start automounter: provides information about automatic mounting of file systems Create new LDAP user
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Configure Hardware
Configure server hardware using YaST YaST provides hardware configuration proposal, including:
Graphic card and monitor setup Printer and printer server settings Sound card configuration
Can change the automatically generated configuration Can skip hardware configuration at this point
Make sure settings of graphics card in configuration proposal are correct
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Figure 2-46 Content of the Root Directory Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administration: CLA, LPIC-1 & Linux+ 46
Figure 2-47 Absolute and Relative Paths Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 2-48 File System Hierarchy Standard Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Essential Binaries for Use by All Users (/bin/) and Boot Directory (/boot/)
/bin/ contains important binaries that are required when no other file systems are mounted
Includes various shells, the most important commands for working with files, commands for system analysis and configuration
Every user has an area to work with files known as home directory located under /home/
Can be addressed using ~ shortucut Includes individual configuration files
Hidden files, names begin with a dot
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All files are arranged in one big tree which can include several devices mount command attaches device file system to tree Directories in /media/ directory used for mounting removable media when it is detected
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System Binaries, Data Directories for Services (/srv/), and Temporary Area (/tmp/)
/sbin/ contains important programs for system administration
Typically can be run by normal users, but only to display the configured values
Changes to the configuration made by root user
/srv/ directory contains subdirectories for containing data of various services /tmp/ stores temporary files created by various programs until these files are deleted
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The Hierarchy Below /usr/, Variable Files (/var/), and Windows Partition (/windows/)
/usr/ directory represents second hierarchical layer
Location for all application programs, GUI files, additional libraries, locally installed programs and shared directories containing documentation
/var/ directory and subdirectories contain files that can be modified while system is running When YaST finds a partition with a Microsoft file system, creates a /windows/ directory
Subdirectories labeled with Windows drive characters
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Also includes directories and files containing information about the state of the system
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System Information Directory (/sys/) and Mount Point for Temporarily Mounted File Systems (/mnt/)
/sys/ directory provides information about hardware buses, hardware devices, active devices, and their drivers
Information in the form of a tree Does not contain any real files
To remove mounted file system, use umount command SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administration: CLA, LPIC-1 & Linux+
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Typically only root user can mount and unmount Use mount command to mount file system, and umount to unmount it Can share some directories with multiple computers
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Summary
Storage space on hard drives divided into partitions Partitions must have a file system created on them LVM provides high level view of the disk storage on the system
Can be used to create logical volumes
Software RAID allows combination of several disk to provide increased performance and redundancy Linux supports various file systems, some of which keep a journal and recover faster from crash SLES can be installed from various media
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Summary (continued)
SLES installation includes many configuration steps Layout of Linux file system follows File System Hierarchy Standard FHS defines directory structure and purpose of directories within root directory (/) and below /usr/ and /var/ directories Some directories must exist on same partition as root directory (/), while others can be on different partitions or other machines
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