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LIVING THINGS
3 DOMAINS of Life:
BACTERIA
Prokaryotic Cells
ARCHAEA
Prokaryotic Cells
EUKARYA
Eukaryotic Cells
(Semi-Living Things)
Viruses
Non-cellular
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Single-celled, Autotrophs or Heterotrophs, variable
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular (mostly), Autotrophs, Producers
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular (mostly), Heterotrophs, Consumers
Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular (mostly), Heterotrophs, Decomposers
Mycology
Mycology from Greek mykes = mushroom, cap & logos = discourse, study. Fungus (Fungi) Latin, from the greek Sphongous = sponge-like, spongy.
Mycology
Mushrooms, Toadstools, Boletes, Yeasts, Molds, Mildews, Puffballs, Stinkhorns.
FUNGI
Huge group of very successful organisms found in virtually all ecological niches on Earth. Largest single organism on Earth is a fungus.
(Armillaria ostoyae)
~100,000 species* so far described, but there are likely many more (up to 2 million).
Inadequate sampling *Species? Individual?
Traditionally, fungi (particularly mushrooms) have been studied by botanists, however, they are achlorophyllous.
Fungi vs fungi
Fungi are a monophyletic (closely related) group of organisms all sharing a common ancestry and evolutionary history, and sharing many common characteristics.
TRUE Fungi
fungi are organisms that share many characteristics with Fungi (and so superficially resemble them), but DO NOT share a common ancestry and evolutionary history.
fungus-like organisms
FUNG-ISMS
Myco mycetes mycota mycotina
Characteristics of Fungi
Heterotrophic (Saprobic or Parasitic)
Extracellular digestion
Enzymes (hydrolytic, proteases, etc.) break down macromolecules dimers & monomers. These digestion products are then absorbed.
An adaptive morphology allows for sufficient surrounding of food and sufficient energy intake to counteract the energy spent in digestive enzyme production
Characteristics of Fungi
Most are filamentous (adaptive morphology for increased surface area).
Vegetative body called a Mycelium (pl. Mycelia). A Mycelium is composed of numerous Hyphae (sing. Hypha), each 1 cell wide.
Characteristics of Fungi
Some are small uni-cells
Yeasts Chytridiomycota
Yeasts
Filamentous Stage
Chytrids
Characteristics of Fungi
Cell Wall
Characteristics of Fungi
Cell Wall is composed of Chitin.
Complex, N-containing Polysaccharide (a carbohydrate polymer). Helps maintain osmotic pressure in the cells.
Characteristics of Fungi
The vegetative (somatic) body of a fungus is the Mycelium: the absorptive, adult, feeding stage.
Hyphae
Septa (sing. Septum) are partitions between hyphal cells. Aseptate taxa are coenocytic (multinucleate). Septate taxa typically have a Septal Pore.
Characteristics of Fungi
Rhizomorphs root like masses of hyphae.
Characteristics of Fungi
A fraction of the vegetative mycelium is devoted to reproduction. Specialized hyphae bearing Spores. Spores are tiny propagules.
Spores
Dispersal Protection Survival Reproduction.
Asexually-produced spores are disseminative. Sexually-produced spores are reproductive AND disseminative.
Asexually-Produced Spores
Spores are borne on hyphal tips called Conidia (sing. Conidium) or in Sporangia (sing. Sporangium).
Asexually-Produced Spores
Produced by Mitosis & Cell Division. Clones (genetically-identical progeny) are produced.
Sexually-Produced Spores
Spores are borne on unique and specialized structures, depending on the type of fungus. Produced by Meiosis & Cell Division. Genetically-unique progeny are produced. Sexual Reproduction = combined genetic contributions of two parents. Life cycles.
Life Cycles
HAPLOID STAGE (1N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
2N
1N
2N
1N
(Spores)
2N
Classification of Fungi
Classification of Fungi
Fungi comprise a monophyletic group broken into 4 lineages (therefore also 4 Phyla): Phylum: Chytridiomycota Phylum: Zygomycota Phylum: Ascomycota Phylum: Basidiomycota
Phylum: Deuteromycota is an artificial group representing fungi that do not or have yet to exhibit a sexual stage (meiosis & syngamy).
Phylogeny of Fungi
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
Chytridiomycota
Swimming Zoospores.
FUNGI
Zygomycota
Zygomycota
Sporangium (sporangia)
Asexual spores
Zygomycota
Zygospore
Sexual spore
(Suspensors)
Glomeromycetes
Mycorrhizal Fungi
(Endomycorrhizal) VAM fungi: Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
FUNGI
Ascomycota
Morchella esculenta
Ascomycota
Ascus (sac) is where the sexual spores (Ascospores) are borne. 8 Ascospores are typical in each ascus.
FUNGI
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota
Sexual Basidiospores borne on a Basidium. 4 spores per Basidium.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Studying FUNGI
Both Macroscopic and Microscopic organisms. Cultures
1-member, 2-member Growth Media (sing. Medium)
Agar, Broth
Cheeses, Miso, Beer, Wine, Bread. Cultivationby humans and other animals. Natives of Mexico & Central America hallucinogenic religious rites involving Psilocybe cubensis. (more recently studied by Wasson, McKenna, & others). Mushroom effigies associated with many primitive (& modern) cultures.
Control of nutrient cycling. Soil retention. Mycorrhizal associations with plants. Potato blight (Oomycete) Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma sp.) Ergot of Rye (Claviceps purpurea)
5. Plant pathogens