Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus Pituitary
Anterior lobe Posterior lobe

Islets of Langerhans Gonads

Ovaries Testes

Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal Glands

Cortex Medulla

Pineal gland Thymus others

Hormonal Communication

Hypothalamus
Part of brain
Regulates ANS, emotions, feeding/satiety, thirst, body temperature, etc. Hormones related to these functions
Releasing hormones Axonal transport to posterior lobe

Anterior Pituitary
Releasing hormones regulate AP aka adeno hypo physis
glands under growth

All proteins
TSH (thryoid stimulating
hormone/thyrotropin)

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) FSH (gonadotropin) LH (gonadotropin)

Tropins/tropic hormones

GH (growth hormone) Prolactin-releasing H

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis Animation : IP Web

Anterior Pituitary

Anterior P. Homeostatic Imbalances

Growth hormone (GH or hGH)
Promotes mitosis, cell division Elongation of long bones, etc. Healing of wounds Lack of hGH retards growth Hypersecretion in youth produces giantism Hyposecretion in childhood produces pituitary dwarfism Hypersecretion in adult produces acromegaly

Posterior Pituitary
Axonal transport to Posterior Pituitary aka neuro hypo physis
nerve under growth

Hypothalamic cell bodies synthesize

oxytocin ADH

PituitaryPosterior lobe
Oxytocin
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus & mammary glands. Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts. Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin) Lack diabetes insipidus

Antidiuretic H.

Posterior Pituitary Homeostatic Imbalances

ADH
Hyposecretion produces diabetes insipidus tasteless Excessive thirst and urination central or neurogenic DI gestagenic or gestational DI nephrogenic DI dipsogenic DI

Diabetes Insipidus Foundation, Inc.

Thyroid Gland
Location in neck
Inferior to larynx Anterior & lateral to trachea

Composed of follicles
Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin
Thyroxin (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)

Both thyroid hormone, bodys major metabolic hormone

Parafollicular/ C cells
Calcitonin
Decreases blood Ca2+ by depositing it in bones

Homeostatic imbalances
Hypothyroidism results
Myxedema (in adults) Goiterlow levels of iodine Cretinism (in children)

Hyperthyroidism results
Graves disease

Parathyroid Glands
Four small glands embedded in posterior of thyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stimulates osteoclasts to free Ca2+ from bone Stimulates Ca2+ uptake from intestine & kindey

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium

Parathyroid Homeostatic Imbalances

Severe hyperparathyroidism causes massive bone destruction If blood Ca2+ fall too low, neurons become overactive, resulting in tetany

Feedback Loop
Negative feedback in calcium homeostasis. A rise in blood Ca2+ causes release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland, promoting Ca2+ deposition in bone and reducing reabsorption in kidneys. A drop in blood Ca2+ causes the parathyroid gland to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulating the release of Ca2+ from bone. PTH also promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys and uptake of Ca2+ in intestines.

Adrenal Glands
One on top of each kidney

Cortex
Corticosteroid glandular

Medulla
Catecholamines neurohormonal
Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Adrenal Cortex
Cortex
Activity stimulated by ACTH Controls prolonged responses by secreting corticosteroids. Mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone
balance regulate salt and water

Glucocorticoids

Cortisol regulate glucose metabolism

and the immune system.

Gonadocorticoids
Androgens Estrogens

Adrenal Cortex Imbalances

Hypersecretion leads to Cushings disease
ACTH-releasing tumors or side effects of corticoid drugs.

Hyposecretion leads to Addisons Disease

Deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

Adrenal Medulla
Medulla
The adrenal medulla mediates shortterm responses by secreting catecholamine hormones. Cells are modified neurons (lack axons)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noreadrenaline) enable a rapid ( fight-or-flight ) responses to stress by increasing blood glucose and blood pressure and directing blood to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles.

Pancreas
Consists of two major types of secretory tissues which reflects its dual function
Exocrine gland
secretes digestive juice localized in the acinar cells

Endocrine gland
releases hormones

localized in the islet cells (islets of Langerhans)

Pancreatic Islets
About a million embedded in pancreas Control centers for blood glucose
Insulin from beta cells Glucagon from alpha cells

Insulin

Glucagon

Islets of Langerhans
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, glucose release from liver (vs gluconeogenesis)

Feedback Loop
A rise in blood glucose causes release of insulin from beta cells the pancreas, promoting glucose uptake in cells and storage as glycogen in the liver. A fall in blood glucose stimulates alpha cells in the pancreas to secrete glucagon, which causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose.

Pancreas Homeostatic Imbalances Diabetes siphon mellitus mel= honey

Symptoms: Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia

Blood Level Regulation in Diabetics

Gonads
Ovaries
Estrogens Progesterone

Testes
Testosterone
Reproductive functions when we study reproductive system.

Pineal gland
Melatonin
? Inhibits early puberty ? Day/night cycles Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite Secretes melatonin during darkness Participates in setting the bodys clock Melatonin is a potent antioxidant Melatonin is high when young and is reduced as we age

Thymus
Thymus gland Thymopoietins, thymic factor, thymosins
Influence development of T lymphocytes

Non-Endocrine Gland Hormones

Stomach (gastrin) Small intestine (duodenumintesetinal gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin) Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide) Kidneys (erythropoietin, active vitamin D3) Adipose tissue (leptid, resistin) Skin Placenta (human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, relaxin)

Functions regulated by the Endocrine System

Growth Healing Water balance & Blood Pressure Calcium Metabolism Energy Metabolism Stress Regulation of other Endocrine Organs

Growth
Growth hormone-releasing hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin Somatostatin (GHIH)

Healing
Growth hormone-releasing hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin Glucagon, Insulin Erythropoietin

Water balance & Blood pressure

ADH Aldosterone Angiotensin II Atrial natriuretic H. Epinephrine

Calcium Metabolism
Calcitonin Parathyroid H. (PTH) Estrogens/androgens Growth hormone

Energy Metabolism
Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Thyroid-stimulating H. (thyrotropin, TSH) Epinephrine & norepinephrine Insulin Glucagon Adrenocorticotropic H. (ACTH) Cortisol

Stress
Epinephrine & norepinephrine T4 &T3 ?? ACTH Cortisol