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THEORIES OF LEARNING: Behaviorist Theory

Proponents & Principles: Watson Pavlov Master subtitle style Click to edit Thorndike

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John Broadus Watson


Early 20th century, "Father of Behaviorism. The first person to use the term behaviorism to study human behavior Watson was interested in taking Pavlov's research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in 7/27/12 people.

"Little Albert" experiment

One of the most controversial experiments in the history of psychology It was an experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans The goal of the experiment ;

to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered, classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", an 8month-old boy

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CONCLUSION OF THE EXPERIMENT


all behaviors are learned. all phobias are most likely conditioned. phobias were probably either a fear of the original stimulus or that they had been transferred to other stimuli, as the person grew older.

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Criticisms of the Little Albert Experiment


First, the experimental design and process was not carefully constructed

Secondly, the experiment also raises many ethical concerns.

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Proponents & Principles:


Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical Conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Born in Russia Studying physiology He was noted for his work on the physiology of digestion and was awarded the Nobel Prize for work in this area. However, he only became interested in psychology in 1900 at the age of 50.

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Classical Conditioning

In his classic experiment with dogs, he measured the saliva secreted by the animals when food was given.

Figure 1: Dog with tube inserted in its cheek. When the dog salivates, the saliva is collected in the test tube and its quantity is recorded on the rotating drum 7/27/12

Step 1: Before Conditioning

He gave a hungry dog a bowl of food. The dog is hungry, the dog sees the food and the dog salivates. Food Unconditione d Stimulus (US) Salivation Unconditione d Response (UR)

This is a natural sequence of events, an unconscious, uncontrolled, and unlearned relationship.


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Step 2: During Conditioning

Next, Pavlov, presented the hungry dog with food and simultaneously rang a bell, and the dog salivated. Food
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Salivatio n Unconditioned
Response (UR)

Bell
Conditioning Stimulus (CS)
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Step 3: After Conditioning

This time Pavlov rang only the bell at mealtime, but he did not show any food. Guess what the dog did. Bell Salivatio n
Conditioning Stimulus (CS) Conditioning Response (CS)

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In short:

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Classical Conditioning

This type of learning involves:

An unconditioned stimulus (food) An unconditioned response (salivation) A conditioned stimulus (bell) A conditioned response (dog salivate every time bell is rings)

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Basic Process/Principle in Classical Conditioning

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Implications of Pavlovs Conditioning Theory in Teaching-Learning

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Example 1: In Language Learning


Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

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Example: Behavior in classrom

It is the first day in school and suddenly Suzy hears her teacher Ms. Lim yell Keep Quiet at the top of her voice. Suzy was startled and terrified and started to cry. In the next few days, whenever Ms. Lim entered the class she cried. She had associated the presence of Ms. Lim with fear. In other words, she has been conditioned to respond by crying whenever encountering Ms. Lim even though she had not yelled, Keep Quiet.
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Example 1: In Language Learning


Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

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Classical Conditioning
Using classical conditioning, teacher have the ability to: affect students likes/dislikes Influence our students attitude Develop a respects for authority

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Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) Classical Conditioning


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Proponents & Principles:

Edward Thorndike (18741949)


1874 1949 doctoral thesis entitled Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Process in Animals in 1898. trial-and-error

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Figure 2.3 Thorndikes puzzle box

Connectionism

Thorndike conclude that learning is incremental.

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Figure 2.3 Thorndikes puzzle

The Law of Readiness Exercise

Based on his experiments, Thorndike proposed the following theories of learning:


The Law of Readiness

The Law of Exercise

The Law of Effect


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IMPLICATIONS OF THORNDIKES THEORIES

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Thorndike developed the idea of connectionism.

stimulus

response

essence of intellectual development.

People of higher intellect formed more bonds between stimuli and 7/27/12

Complex ideas

pre-requisite concepts

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Positive reinforcemen t

Transfer of depends on the match between elements learning


across the two events. presence of identical elements in the original and new learning situations. specific and never general. Transfer from one school task to a highly similar task ,and from school subject to nonschool settings could be facilitated by teaching knowledge and skills in school subjects that have elements identical to activities encountered in the initial context.
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