Paul Cockshott

Images In Java

ALMA TADEMA RIVALES INCONSCIENTES 1893

Introduction

The AWT and how to put a simple image onto the screen Layout managers The Jimage Class,

Summary of this section

At the end of this lecture you should have an idea of how to display a JPEG image on the screen, and how to load it into the Jimage class to carry out further image processing.

Agenda

AWT Images Image Producers and Consumers Jimage class Pixel Representations JPEG files

Overview

AWT abstract windows toolkit, supported by JavaSoft Operating system independent layer for windowing in Java Fiendishly obscure Designed around requirements of images being streamed off the web

Connections

Simple image display program to show how to display a JPEG file Pipeline model of image production Jimages act as image consumers Jimages allow arithmetic on image Jimages provide output to AWT images and JPEG

How to display a picture 1

import java.awt.*; import java.awt.image.*; import java.util.*; class JPEGshow extends Frame { ... static public void main(String[] args) { if (args.length == 1) new JPEGshow(args[0]); else System.err.println("usage: java JPEGshow <image file>"); } } This is a standard Java Program class with a public static void main method

Constructor for JPEGshow

JPEGshow(String filename) { super("JPEG show Example"); add( new ImageCanvas(getToolkit().getImage(filename) ), BorderLayout.CENTER); setSize(700, 540); show(); }

See slide on these

Read in a JPEG file Size of a frame

The toolkit

Each frame has associated with it a toolkit object the provides an interface to OS specific operations.
CreateImage CreateMenu CreateLabel CreateMenuBar . etc

Roll your own ImageCanvas

Constructor class ImageCanvas extends Component { the image Image image; ImageCanvas(Image image) {this.image = image;} public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawImage(image, 0, 0, this);} }

just stores

Paint is called whenever a component must be shown, the Graphics object does the actual drawing, it has to be passed in because it is what knows about physically drawing on the screen

Image Class

Pipeline flow model of image processing Images are just tokens linking producers and consumers

ImageProducer

Image

ImageConsumer

ImageProducer Methods

addConsumer(ImageConsumer ic) This method is used to register an ImageConsumer with the ImageProducer for access to the image data during a later reconstruction of the Image. removeConsumer(ImageConsumer ic) This method removes the given ImageConsumer object from the list of consumers currently registered to receive image data. startProduction(ImageConsumer ic) This method starts an immediate reconstruction of the image data

ImageConsumer methods

void setDimensions(int width, int height) The dimensions of the source image are reported using the setDimensions method call. Void setPixels(int x, int y, int w, int h,
ColorModel model, byte[] pixels, int off, int scansize)

The pixels of the image are delivered using one or more calls to the setPixels method.

Image Class continued

ImageProducer

Image

ImageConsumer

Image.getSource

Images contain a pointer to their producer which holds the actual data for the image. This can be recovered using the getSource method. This allows a consumer to get at the pixel data of an image by adding itself to the producer and starting production

Summary

AWT is operating system independent Streaming image model Images as tokens Producer - consumer pipeline See chapters 6 of textbook

Buffered Image Class

Standard AWT images are just tokens for data streams. A BufferedImage actually contains the data.
BufferedImage
Raster

Colour model

JPEGCodec class

This class has factory methods to create JPEG encoders and decoders:
createJPEGDecoder(InputStream s) createJPEGEncoder(OutputStream d)

Read a BufferedImage

FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(myfile.jpg); JPEGImageDecoder dec= JPEGCodec.createJPEGDecoder(in); BufferedImage im = decoder.decodeAsBufferedImage();

getRGB

You can access the pixels of a buffered image using

int getRGB(int x, int y) The default colour representation is:

alpha Bit 31

red

green

blue Bit 0

Writing pixels

This can be done with the setRGB method. This takes x, and y co-ordinates and a pixel encoded as a 32 bit integer im . setRGB(2, 5, 255);
Would set pixel 2,5 to 255 = bright blue.

Creating sub images

You can create a sub area within a buffered image using the public BufferedImage getSubimage(
int int int int x, y, w, h);

Method of BufferedImage

Jimage implements ImageConsumer

Library of image processing classes developed in the department Available for student practicals Algebraic rather than stream oriented Interfaces to MMX hardware under windows

Algebraic orientation

By this we mean the it is structured around algebraic expressions whose values are images Thus if A and B are images and is some operator then

AB
is also an image

Jimage operators

Arithmetic I+J Universal plus(Universal) I-J Universal minus(Universal) IJ Universal times(Universal) IJ Universal divide(Universal) IUniversal abs() Filtering Jimage convolve(double[] k) convolve with symmetrical separable kernel. public abstract Jimage convolve(double[][] kernel)with non separable kernel

Scaling

Jimage getScaledInstance(int nwidth, int nheight)

This scales with bicubic interpolation.

Jimage getScaledInstance(int nwidth, int nheight, int ndepth)

This method allows the depth as well as area of an image to be altered if it is reduced the planes are aggregated if increased they are interpolated.

More operations

Data access int rgbpixel(int x,int y) Converts the plane information into a pixel in the direct color model of java. public abstract int upixel(int x, int y, int plane) - returns unsigned integer pixel public abstract float fpixel(int x, int y, int plane) Returns the pixel in the range -1 to +1.

Data Access

public abstract void setPixel(int x, int y, int plane, double pix)

Pixel information in range -1 to +1 public void setSubImage(int x, int y, int z, Jimage im) Update an area of an image with another one. The other one must not run off the edge of the one being written to. The source of the copying is the 0th plane of the source jimage.

Jimage input output

public void putJPEGImage( java.lang.String fileName, int quality)

throws java.io.IOException

Outputs the image to a jpeg file public boolean getImage(java.lang.String fileName) Initialise the Jimage from the specified file. The file must be jpeg or gif.

Jimage to AWT Image conversion

public java.awt.Image getAWTImage()

public java.awt.image.ImageProducer getProducer()

Jimage implementations

JIMAGE CLASS HIERARCHY

COM.C3D.IMAGE Jimage abstract

COM.C3D.IMAGE ByteImage Generic Java

COM.C3D.IMAGE ShortImage Generic Java

COM.C3D.IMAGE FloatImage Generic Java

IntelBImage Runs best on MMX Windows only

IntelImage Runs best on MMX Windows Only

IntelFImage Runs best on PIII Windows Only

An example program

class Jimageshow extends Frame { Create Jimage Jimageshow(String filename) { with byte pixels super("Jimage show Example"); Jimage raw=new ByteImage(100,200,3); if (raw.getImage(filename)){ Jimage cooked = (Jimage)raw.times(0.3); 0.3 Multiply by add(new ImageCanvas(cooked.getAWTImage()), BorderLayout.CENTER); setSize(700, 540); show(); } }

Convert to AWT for display

Pixel Representations

When dealing with displays it is conventional to assume that pixels are bytes holding numbers in the range 0 to 255. 0 Is assumed to be black 1 Is assumed to be white or maximum brightness of any given colour. For multicolour displays with 3 colour components, the convention is to have 3 fields of range 0..255 to hold the colour information.

Pixel Representations AWT

For multicolour displays with 3 colour components, the convention is to have 3 fields of range 0..255 to hold the colour information. The AWT does this with the class Color. public Color(int rgb)
Creates a color with the specified RGB value, where the red component is in bits 16-23 of the argument, the green component is in bits 8-15 of the argument, and the blue component is in bits 0-7. The value zero indicates no contribution from the primary color component. A Jimage returns this format with int rgbpixel().

Pixel Representations: Bytes

The byte data type in Java does not take on the values 0..255. Instead it takes on the values -128 to 127. There are no unsigned bytes in Java. This creates a problem for the representation of pixels in Jimages. The solution adopted is to adopt the following representation -128 = black 0 = mid grey 127 = white

Pixel Representations: Floats

If byte pixels are signed then so must other representations be. The solution adopted is to adopt the following representation for floats -1 = black 0 = mid grey 1 = white

Conversions between representations

unsigned
min value -1 maxval medianval m 0 range r 255 255 0 127 127.5 255

bytes
-128 2047 -0.5 4095

shorts float
-2048 1 -0.5 2

As shown in table a pixel prin representation r is converted to a pixel ps in representation s by the operation:

ps = ms+(rs(pr-mrrr

Signed Pixels : advantages

Signed pixels seem at first to be counter-intuitive but they have numerous advantages.
A value of 0 or mid grey can be viewed as the most likely value that a pixel takes on in the absence of other information. If you do arithmetic on images, in particular subtract one image from another, then negative values of pixels naturally arise. Signed pixels allow straightforward implementation of contrast adjustments. For instance multiplying an image by 0.5 halves the contrast in the image.

Signed Pixels : contrast adjustment

Signed pixels allow straightforward implementation of contrast adjustments. For instance multiplying an image by 0.5 halves the contrast in the image.

0.5 1
0.5

0.5

0.25
-0.25

-0.5

-1

Initial contrast range

Finalcontrast range

Image Multiplication

Image Addition

Image subtraction

What Is Convolution

Convolution takes a kernel of coefficients and multiplies each pixel in a neighbourhood by the corresponding coefficient, and then sums the result x y p[I+x, j+y]*k[x,y] Will give the convolved pixel at position i, j

1 D convolution

A 1 D convolution takes a one dimensional array as a kernel and applies it first in the X and then in Y dimension. This can often be performed faster than a 2d convolution

Image Convolution: smoothing

marble =
double[] k=
Note sum of coefficients =1

{0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.1};

marble.convolve(k)=

Image Convolution: sharpening

marble =
double[] k= Note sum of coefficients =1 number terms is odd

{-0.3,1.6,-0.3}

marble.convolve(k)=

Convolution in Java2D

Java 2D provides a standard library for convolution of buffered images This uses the class Kernel and ConvolveOp

Kernels in JAVA 2D

float[] blur={ 0.0f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.1f, 0.6f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f}; Kernel k= new Kernel(3,3, blur); im = new ConvolveOp(K).filter(im,null); This will blur the image im by applying the 3 by 3 kernel blur to it.

Importance of speed

Image may contain a million pixels, Arithmetic may be required on each one Important to optimise operations or they are very time consuming May need to use assembler kernels May need to use special purpose instructions

Multimedia Extensions MMX

Intel and other CPU manufacturers have been adding to the instruction sets of their computers new extensions that handle multi-media data. The aim is to allow operations to proceed on multiple pixels each clock cycle

MMX 2

Standard Intel register set

8 General Registers
eax ebx ecx edx esp ebp esi edi

8 floating point registers

fp0 fp1 fp2 fp3 fp4 fp5 fp6 fp7

32 bit

64 bit

MMX 3

Standard Intel register set operating in MMX mode

8 General Registers
eax ebx ecx edx esp ebp esi edi

8 multimedia registers
mm0 mm1 mm2 mm3 mm4 mm5 mm6 mm7

32 bit

64 bit

MMX 4 motivation

Existing operating systems must still work unchanged Applications not using MMX run unchanged No new state added to the CPU Hence, shared use of the FP registers, since these are already supported by exising OSs

MMX data formats

One 64bit integer QUADWORD

Two 32 bit integer DOUBLEWORDS Four 16 bit WORDS Eight 8 bit BYTES

Problem of overflows

A problem with limited precision arithmetic is that overflows frequently occur. This can give rise to meaningless results: consider 200+175 = 375 but in 8 bit binary 11001000 +10101111 =101110111

Leading 1 is discarded

This leaves an answer of 119 decimal clearly wrong

Using saturation

You can fix this by using conditionals

unsigned char p1,p2,p3; int I3= (int)p1 + (int)p2; p3=(I3>255?255:(unsigned char)I3);

Expansion of the code 1

12: 00401043 00401046 00401048 0040104A 0040104D 0040104F 00401051 00401053 00401056 00401059 0040105C 0040105F 00401062 00401065

mov xor mov mov xor mov add mov mov add mov mov add mov

j=(int)(*p1++)+(int)(*p2++); ecx,dword ptr [ebp-4] edx,edx dl,byte ptr [ecx] eax,dword ptr [ebp-8] ecx,ecx cl,byte ptr [eax] edx,ecx dword ptr [ebp-14h],edx edx,dword ptr [ebp-8] edx,1 dword ptr [ebp-8],edx eax,dword ptr [ebp-4] eax,1 dword ptr [ebp-4],eax

Expansion 2

13: 14: 00401068 0040106F 00401071 00401078 0040107A 0040107D 00401080 00401083 00401086 15: 00401088 0040108B 0040108E

*p3 = (unsignedchar)(j>255?255:j); cmp dword ptr [ebp-14h],0FFh jle main+6Ah (0040107a) mov dword ptr [ebp-18h],0FFh jmp main+70h (00401080) mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-14h] mov dword ptr [ebp-18h],ecx mov edx,dword ptr [ebp-0Ch] mov al,byte ptr [ebp-18h] mov byte ptr [edx],al p3++; mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-0Ch] add ecx,1 mov dword ptr [ebp-0Ch],ecx

Total of 26 instructions in the kernel

Alternative using mmx Type represents 8 by 8bit integers

Iu8vec8 *v1,*v2,*v3; int i,j,k; for(i=0;i<31;i++){ *v3=(*v1++)+(*v2++); v3++; } _mm_empty();

Arithmetic on 8 bytes at a time

Indicates MMX regs are now free

Optimised Assembler Loop

Go round only 32 times not 256
mov ecx ,32 ; load counter with 32 l1: movq mm0,[esi] ; load 8 bytes add esi,8 ; inc src pntr paddusb mm0,[edx] ; packed unsigned add bytes add edx,8 ; inc src pntr movq [edi],mm0 ; store 8 byte result add edi,8 ; inc dest pntr loop nz,l1 ; dec counter, ; repeat non zero

Total of 6 instructions in kernel

Speed Gain

On image of 256x256 pixels Old C code executes 26*256*256 instructions = 1,703,936 instructions Optimised mmx code executes 6*256*32 instructions = 49,152 Note that no compiler currently will give the optimised code. It has to be hand assembled.

Image Processing Library

Intel Provide an image porcessing library that can be downloaded from their web site. It provides efficient access to the MMX hardware. It provides frequently used Image Processing Operations. It requires a set of DLLs in your path to run

Image Processing Library 2

At the core of IPL is the ability to write to a single API and get the best possible results for any Intel processor. The libraries have as many as six processorspecific branches for each function and six sets of carefully written assembly code, but only one entry point to each function.

Image Processing Library 3

Image Processing Library 4

Use of Intel IPL complex and requires C I have provided 2 java classes that call the IPL. IntelBImage and IntelFImage. These are documented in the Jimage web pages. They inherit from ByteImage and FloatImage To use them the Intel IPL must have been installed on your machine and be on the path. If you are forced to use Unix machines the libraries will not be available to you.

Where to get more information

http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.2/d ocs/api/java/awt/package-summary.html http://developer.intel.com/vtune/perflibst/ip l/index.htm http://developer.intel.com/vtune/perflibst/ip l/ipapi.htm

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