ACID HYDROLYSIS OF HEMICELLULOSE FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE

NURUL ASHIKIN BT RUSDI 2009809692

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons.) CHEMISTRY (FORENSIC ANALYSIS) FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

19TH OCTOBER 2010

SUPERVISOR: DR.SABIHA HANIM BT SALEH

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Malaysia well known as a agricultural country and its potential in renewable sources. (Akpinar et al., 2009) Sugar cane is a major grown agricultural crop in the vast majority of countries in Africa. Sugarcane bagasse and other agricultural byproduct are categorized as wastes have become a major components of livestock feed in many Asian industries Most of bagasse is used for power generation or as raw material for producing low value products and the remaining is considered as waste that goes to landfill or is allowed to decay. (Laopaiboon et al.,2010)

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Recently, industrial process produce a lot of solid waste that untreated Disposal of solid waste, become pollution and hazardous to residential people. In sugarcane refining, a lot of bagasse produce that useless to environment and people. From the bagasse, actually many beneficial use that give benefit to us.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Utilization of bagasse will give value-added product and achieve the sugarcane industry with zero waste industry. Biofuel and renewable resources (bagasse) industry will increase the economy in Malaysia. By using diluted acid hydrolysis, the production of oligosaccharide will increase thus reduce the production of xylose, arabinose and sucrose.

To

extract hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse using alkaline extraction

To

optimize the time, hemicelluloses concentration and acid concentration on hemicelluloses hydrolysis.
To

determine the concentration of reducing sugar of hydrolysates using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

Ash 2%
Lignin 18%

Others Wax 1% 1%

Celluloses 44%

Hemicelluloses

34%

Source: Laopaiboon et al., (2010)

The heterogeneous polymers of pentose, hexose and sugar acids. Not chemically homogeneous Contain mostly xylans. Xylan exists in a xylan-lignin complex and becomes resistant hydrolysis.

(Rao, R.S., Jyothi, C.P., Prakasham, R.S., Sarma, P.N., Rao, L.V., (2006)

WHAT IS XOS?

Xylooligosaccharides, sugar oligomers produced during the hydrolysis of xylan. XOS production is carried out in two stages: alkaline extraction of xylan followed by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of hemicelluloses

(Akpinar, O., Erdogan, K., Bakir, U., Yilmaz, L., 2010)

DILUTE ACID HYDROLYSIS According to Akpinar et al. (2009),

Different agricultural wastes are used for the production of XOS:

tobacco stalk cotton stalk, sunflower stalk wheat straw

The best conversion into XOS, was achieved with 0.25 M sulphuric acid, 30 min reaction time and XOS yield between 8% and 13%.

CONCENTRATED ACIH HYDROLYSIS According to Chandel et al. (2007),

The hydrolysis of mixed wood chips performed. The maximum sugar recovery (78-82% of theoretical yields) was achieved at sulphuric acid concentration (26%) for 2 h of residence time.

AUTOHYDROLYSIS TREATMENT According to Nabarlatz (2006),

Carried out under the operational condition leading to maximal oligosaccharides yields. Almonds shells were used as the raw materials. The yield of oligosaccharide was obtained around 63% at 190C and 19 min of reaction time.

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS According to Akpinar et al. (2009),

Different agricultural wastes used

tobacco stalks, cotton stalks, wheat straw, and hemicelluloses

Hydrolyzed using Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase preparation reaction time of 8 h at pH 4.6 and 50C. The products were XOS with some monosaccharide.

METHOD ADVANTAGES

CONCENTRATED ACID HYDROLYSIS This process provides complete and rapid conversion of cellulose to glucose and hemicelluloses to xylose with little degradation

DILUTED ACID HYDROLYSIS Production of a soluble pentose Simple and fast kinetics methods Function as catalysts to produce oligomers with varying degree of polymerization pretreatment method required. (alkaline extraction)

ENZYME HYDROLYSIS Production of XOs is depends on the enzyme and xylan sources Does not produce toxic product

DISADVANTAGES Need a dilution with

water to dissolve and hydrolyse the substrate into sugar substituent.

According to Akpinar et al. (2009) and Chandel et al. (2007)

Production of monomeric sugars & undesirable byproduct Process is not effective to produce a fermentable substrate due to low levels of monosaccharide

METHODOLOGY

Raw material
(Sugarcane Bagasse)
Pre treatment analysis -alkaline extraction-

Hemicellulose
Diluted acid hydrolysis

Hydrolysates sugar determination

Raw material

Dry at 90C for 18 h or weight constant (Laopaiboon et. al., 2009)

It mill to obtain small particles (< 5mm)

It keeps at 4C until use

2g of SCB extract for 3h at 35C in 17 mL of 24% KOH including 1% (w/v) NaBH4.

The extract centrifuge at 10,000g for 20 min and filter on Filter paper

Alkaline extraction

Last, the solid will dry in a vacuum oven at 60C

Akpinar et al. (2009),

It precipitate in 2 vol of cold etOH & in 0.2 vol of acOH. Then fiter on coarse filter paper

Acid hydrolysis

Reducing sugar determination

0.2 g of xylan suspend in 10 mL of 0.25 M H2SO4 & then incubate in water bath at 100C

The amount of reducing sugar determine with 3, 5dinitrosalicylic acid

10 mL of sample is added with 10 mL of water to cool down the mixture

The reducing sugar content will measure at 480nm using UVVis spectrophotometer. (Burner, 1964)

The mixture neutralized with CaCO3 & the precipitate removed by centrifugation Akpinar et al. (2009),

Akpinar, O., Erdogan, K., Bostanci, S., (2009). Production of xylooligosaccharides by controlled acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, Carbohydrate Research. 344, 660-666 Burner, R. L., (1964). Determination sugar value in method in carbohydrate chemistry, IV (Roy I Whistle, Robert, J Smith & James, N. Bemiller, eds), New York: Academic Press, 65-71 Chandel A.K., Chan ES., Rudravaram R., Narasu L.M., Rao L.V and Ravindra P., (2007). Economics and environmental impact of bioethanol production technologies: an appraisal. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review Vol.2 (1), pp.014-032 Laopaiboon, P.,Thani, A., Leelavatcharamas, V. And Laopaiboon, L., (2010). Acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for lactic acid production, Bioresource Technology. 101,1036-1043 Nabarlatz, D., Ebringerova, A., Montane, D., (2006). Autohydrolysis of agricultural byproduct for the production of xylooligosaccharides, Carbohydrate Polymer. 69, 20-28. Rao, R.S., Jyothi, C.P., Prakasham, R.S., Sarma, P.N., Rao, L.V., (2006). Xylitol production from corn fiber and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by Candida tropicalis, Bioresouce technology. 97, 1974-1978.

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