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General objective
To understand the concepts of second law of TD and entropy
Specific objectives
Understand the concepts of second law of TD from experiences from day to day life Develop the concept Entropy from 2nd law of TD Define the concept Entropy Generation Modify the second law to include entropy Analyze the mechanisms of entropy transfer for various processes( heat/work transfer, mass flow) Compute the entropy generation foe different systems (open, closed)
Statements .. ;-)
KELVIN-PLANKS STATEMENT No one can construct a 100% efficient heat engine CLAUSIUS STATEMENT You need a refrigerator to further cool a cold PEPSI
Clausius inequality
From Carnot theorem.. For any reversible engine operating between reservoirs at TH & TL and exchanging heats QH & QL QH/QL=TH/TL
Consider the cycle shown below composed of two reversible processes A and B.
A V
A cycle composed of two reversible processes.
Apply the Clausius inequality for the cycle made of two internally reversible processes:
Since the quantity (Qnet/T)int rev is independent of the path and must be a property, we call this property the entropy S.
The entropy change occurring during a process is related to the heat transfer and the temperature of the system. The entropy is given the symbol S (kJ/K), and the specific entropy is s (kJ/kgK).
The entropy change during a reversible process, sometimes called an internally reversible process, is defined as
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Consider the cycle 1-A-2-B-1, shown below, where process A is arbitrary that is, it can be either reversible or irreversible, and process B is internally reversible.
2
P
1
The integral along the internally reversible path, process B, is the entropy change S1 S2. Therefore,
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or
The entropy change during a process dS
dS
where
Qnet
T
= holds for the internally reversible process > holds for the irreversible process
Consider the effect of heat transfer on entropy for the internally reversible case. Qnet
dS
T
then dS 0
then dS 0 then dS 0
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dS 0 S 2 S1
The reversible, adiabatic process is called an isentropic process.
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That is, the entropy change of a system during an irreversible process is always greater than , called the entropy transfer. Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process, This generation is entirely due to the presence of irreversibilities. The entropy generated during a process is called entropy generation and is denoted as Sgen.
Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero. Its value depends upon the process and thus it is not a property. Sgen is zero for an internally reversible process.
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Now consider an isolated system composed of several subsystems exchanging energy. Since the isolated system has no energy transfer across its system boundary,
Applying the definition of entropy to the isolated system
Sisolated 0
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The second law, known as the principle of increase of entropy, can also be stated as The total entropy change of an isolated system during a process always increases or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant.
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ENTROPY BALANCE
Heat transfer is always accompanied by entropy transfer in the amount of Q/T, where T is the boundary temperature. No entropy accompanies work as it crosses the system boundary. But entropy may be generated within the system as work is dissipated into a less useful form of energy.
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Mass contains entropy as well as energy, and thus mass flow into or out of system is always accompanied by energy and entropy transfer.
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Entropy generation outside system boundaries can be accounted for by writing an entropy balance on an extended system that includes the system and its immediate surroundings.
Closed Systems
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Control Volumes
The entropy of a substance always increases (or remains constant in the case of a reversible process) as it flows through a single-stream, adiabatic, steadyflow device.
The entropy of a control volume changes as a result of mass flow as well as heat transfer.
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EXAMPLES
Entropy balance for heat transfer through a wall
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Graphical representation of entropy generation during a heat transfer process through a finite temperature difference.
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