RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

MEANING
Building of knowledge through

collections of emperically verifiable facts. Verifiable here means which can be check by others for accuracy.

DEFINITION
Scientific research is defined as a

systematic , empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among phenomena. (Kerlinger)
Scientific research is a systematic and

objective attempt to study a problem for the purpose of deriving general principles.

 Scientific method could either be an

inductive method or deductive method. Inductive building generalisations inferred from specific facts . Deductive involves testing generalisations.

CHARATERISTICS
Verifiable facts: factual observations

which other observers can see and check. Accuracy: describing what really exists.
Precision: giving exact number or

measurement. Confidence: refers to the probability that our estimation are correct.

Conti
Systematic: collecting data in a

systematic or organised way so that conclusions drawn are reliable. Objectivity: being free from all biases and vested interests. Recording: jotting down complete details as quickly as possible.

Conti..
Controlling conditions: controlling all

variables except one and then attempting to examine what happens when that variables is varied. Training investigators: imparting necessary knowledge to investigators to make them understand what to look for , how to interpret and avoid inaccurate data collection.

Conti.
Parsimony: can be introduced with good

understanding of the problem and important factors that influence it.

STEPS ( HORTON & HUNT)

Define the problem

Review Literature
Formulate the hypothesis Plant research design Collect the data Analyse the data

Draw conclusions
Replicate study

HENRY MANHEIM
Casual observation of event Wonder/curiosity about how , why ,what etc

Hypothesis

Preparing design of research Data analysis, processing analysis ,interpretation.

Determining whether
Hypothesis is true Hypothesis is false

Description

Prediction

Practical application

METHODS Of RESEARCH
Field research: in which subjects are

observed under their usual environmental conditions of life rather than under laboratory conditions.
Experimental research : effect of one variable

is observed while other relevant variables are held constant.

Survey method: systematic study of a

particular community or group is made for analysing the problem /issue/event.

 Case study :case is analysed in its depth. Statistical method: data is collected

quantitatively or by statistics.
Historical method: information is collected

from the past records.

Evolutionery method: in which change is

studied in stages through time from earlier and generally simpler forms through a long

VALUE
Improves decision making

Reduces uncertainity
Enables adopting new strategies Helps in planning for the future

AREAS OF RESEARCH
Commerce

General management
Marketing Finance Materials & production Banking

Road transport mgt

Railways

 Aviation

HRM
Hospital mgt & Traffic mgt Economics Sociology Psychology

Entrepreneurship mgt
Information technology

HRM
Leadership& Training

Manpower recruitment
Selection &Training Moral motivation & attitude Labour &industrial relations Collective bargaining

Wage & salary

Absenteeism & accidents

MARKETING RESEARCH
Sales mgt , qlty, qnty, types of personnel

mgt& their training Custom relation service Advertising ,sales promotion, media research , customer motivation Marketing information system Product standardisation control Channel of distribution

Conti.
Sales forecast & industrial &economic

forecast Marketing policy relating to pricing, packaging, customer references

PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Product design analysis

Quality control analysis

Performance improvement procedures Cost reduction ,cost control, & cost benefit

analysis Product development innovations and quality enhancement Work simplification procedure

Conti
Shift system & accidents

Strikes & labour turnover

Inventory control Material mgt Procedure of store keeping

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Mgt of funds (both short term& long term)

Mgt of assets (current & fixed asset)

Include ratio analysis, studies relating to

capital structure Valuation of company acqusition merger/ liquidation of company including banks & financial institutions Financial market

Conti
Market regulations

Import& export regulations

&international trade activity Accounting system and their effects on financial reporting Mechanisation of accounting system through the use of computer technology.

COMPUTER MANAGEMENT
At present there are many problem and

issues relating to hardware and software that deserve special research.

THANK YOU