ChE 473 Presented by NishatAnjum(0802005) Seefat Farzin(0802011) Turna Barua(0802016)

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Definition of lipids
Lipids are a broad group of naturally-occurring

molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fatsoluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K),

monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and

others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules.
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Lipids areHydrophobic compounds that are water insoluble. can be extracted in polar solvents such as chroloform, methanol and ether.
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Classification
Storage lipids (natural)

Triacyl glycerols

G l Y c E o l
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R1 R2 R3

R:any fatty acids molecule(R1, R2 and R3 correspond to the fatty acids at positions 1, 2 and 3 of glycerol molecule
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Membrane lipids (polar)

phospholipids Glycerophospholi pids R1 Gl yc er ol
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Glycolipids
Sphingolipids

Sphingolipids

Sphingosine R PO4

Sphingosine R

R2 PO4 alcohol

Sugar uinit(s)

cholone
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Classification(contd)
Triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols belongs to storage lipids because these lipids are energy reservoirs in the cell.For example fatty acids. Phospholipids and glycolipids. Phospholipids and glycolipids are memebrane lipids because these form biological membranes, which are primarily made of phospholipids.
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General structure
The principle constituents of lipids are Carbon Hydrogen and

Oxygen
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen>>2:1

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Fatty acids
Most fatty acids in cells are linked to other molecules.

They are either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. In

both cases, the hydrocarbon chain is unbranched.

However, when the head end of fatty acids is attached to

glycerol to form a fat, that whole molecule is hydrophobic.

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Saturated fatty acids are relatively simple lipids with

the following formulaCH-(CH2)n-C=O OH The value of n is between 12 and 20(even numbers).

Unsaturated fatty acids are the replacement of a saturated

(-C-C-) bond by a double bond(-C=C-). For example,
CH3-(CH2)16-COOH stearic acid

CH3-(CH2)7-HC=CH-(CH2)7-COOH Oleic acid

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Triglycerides
A triglyceride consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids. It is non-polar and relatively insoluble.It may be Fats Oil
Fats : When triglycerides are solid at 20C.

Oil: When triglycerides are liquid at 20C.

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Formation:

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Phospholipids
Phospholipids are lipids containing a phosphate group, they are found in cellular membranes.
G L Y C E R O L

Fatty acid Fatty acid Phosphoric acid

X group. X can be a number of functional groups, such as choline,

glycerol, ethanolamine, and serine
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Formation:
Condensation of fatty acids with glycerol. The main difference from triglycerides is that only two of the three OH groups on glycerol are involved. The third is combined with a highly polar-molecule, depending on this molecule they can be of various types.

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Lecithin (phosphatidyl choline)

One kind of phospholipids Phospholiplid head group is polar and the tail in nonpolar.
O O R C H2 C O O C R

CH O O P O_ CH3 O CH CH2 2 N CH3 CH3 Choline

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+

H2 C

Phos phatidic Acid

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Glycolipids
Glycolipids are lipids with short chains of sugar attached to them. They are commonly found in cellular membranes. They are involved in the immune system and cell-to-cell recognition. For example: Cerebroside.

Structure:

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Sphingolipids
A large and important class of biomembrane lipids, based on the 18-carbon amino alcohol, sphingosine and an additional

long-chain hydrocarbon acyl group, derived from linkage to

a fatty acid.

Structure:

X represents various groups, forming different types of

sphingolipids. For example when x is phosphoethanolamine it is called sphingomyelins.
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Steroids: Steroids is the ring system of three cyclohexanes and

one cyclopentane. Structure:

Different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings. Examples: Male & female sex hormones,Bile acids, Vitamin D, Cholesterol.
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Functions of lipids
Structuring cell membranes. The cell membrane constitutes a barrier for the cell and controls the flow of material in and out of the cell. Energy storage. Triglycerides are an efficient form of energy storage that can be mobilized when fuel is needed. Transmission of information in cells (signal

transduction). Lipid hormones, like steroids and

eicosanoids, also mediate communication between cells.
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Cellular metabolism. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are required for metabolism, usually as coenzymes. Cellular signalling mechanism.

Lipoprotins(molecules made of lipid and protein) and

glycolipids present on the surface of the membrane are

in volved in the signalling mechanism.

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Further examples of some lipids polymers

Cholesterol, an important constituent of cell membranes,

has a rigid ring system and a short branched hydrocarbon

tail. Cholesterol is largely hydrophobic. But it has one polar group, a hydroxyl, making it amphipathic.
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Function
1)It provides protective coating to the arteries and its surrounding walls.

2) Produces hormones and keep the fat level intact in the body.
3) Best source of getting energy, libido, fertility and vitality. 4) it also aids in digestion as liver uses cholesterol in synthesizing

bile acids.
5) It also performs the most vital and important function by supporting nervous system at the time of sleep.

6) However high levels of cholesterol in blood may contribute to

cardiovascular diseases. .
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Helps keep the cell membranes fluid & flexible

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Lipoprotein:
Lipoproteins are combinations of lipids and proteins, they are found in membranes. When lipids are transported through the bloods and lymphatic systems, they are in the form of lipoproteins.

Function of lipoprotein particles1) Transport of lipids (fats) (such as triacylglycerol) around the body in the blood, 2) Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins antigens, adhesins, and toxins, are made of lipoproteins.
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Lipid and cell membrane Biological membranes consist of lipid bilayers.

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The Lipid Bilayer

Composed of two layers of polar lipids organized in two sheets, with their hydrophilic regions exposed to water.

This structure forms a protective layer between the inside and outside of the cell.

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Selectively permeable to ions and other organic molecules, resulting in a reservoir of charged nutrients and metabolic intermediates inside the cell. Keeps a balance of internal and external concentrations of small cations such as K, Na,and H ions. The permeability of the bilayer can be modified by the addition of small amount of various substances. For example several antibiotics and other cation-complexed molecules can increase the passive ion transport remarkably. In some complex processes cell walls of viable organisms can be made leaky by using mild chemicals or heat treatment. By exploiting this advantage it has become possible to produce 1) metabolic intermediates in the microbial production, 2) animal feed after decreasing nucleic acid content from the cell.
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Figures of three classes of membrane lipids

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Poly--hydroxybutyric acid. An important food-storage polymer for some bacteria, including alcaligenes eutraphus, is poly-hydroxybutyric acid(PHB). The repeating unit is -CH-CH2-C=O

Ch2

PHB occurs as granules within the cells. In the absence

of sufficient food supply, the cell depolymerizes this

reserve to yield the soluble, easily metabolized PHB.
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Thank you
Any Question.?

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