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COMMON TECHNICAL TERMS

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P & ID
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

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PFD
Process Flow Diagram

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PFID
Process Flow and Instrumentation Diagram

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Commissioning
Process of putting equipment/unit into service.

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Shutdown
stoppage or interruption of operation

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Trip
Accidental stoppage or interruption of operation

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Hand-over
The system of systematic relinquishing the operating responsibility onto a competent person of the same rank.

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Battery Limit
Demarcation between two (2) operating Department.

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Unit Limit
Demarcation between two (2) operating Units or sections.

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Cryogenics
Material which exist at extremely low temperatures, such as liquid nitrogen. Temperature < -150C.

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Pyrophoric
Material which catches fire when it sees oxygen.

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Control Center
A general term that may refer to a control building several Control Rooms or to a collection of panel-mounted instruments in a manufacturing area at which an operator monitors and manipulates a process.

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LCP
A general term that may refer to a Control Panel located near the equipment it tends to control.

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DCS(Distributed Control System)

Control system that is employed in modern industries and in JGSPC

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Emergency Shutdown System(ESD)

The Emergency Shutdown System is the protective control system which overrides the action of the BPCS when predetermined conditions are exceeded. The ESD consists of safety interlocks, alarms, and sequential control logic used to interrupt normal process operation. Often the ESD places the plant in a reduced rate operation mode instead of enforcing a full shutdown.
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Basic Process Control System (BPCS)

The Basic Process Control System, BPCS, consists of all instrumentation for process measurement, display and regulation installed to support normal production functions.

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Polymerization
A process of forming a polymer by combining large numbers of chemical units or monomers into long chains.

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Fluidization
In reactor it is the suspension of solid particles by a gas medium.

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Decomposition
The breakdown of a substance, often due to heat, decay or other effect, with the release of other compounds such as vapours or gases that may be flammable or toxic.

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Devolatization
The process of removing the light components from a stream.

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Exotherm
A release of heat, such as occurs in the loading operation for molecular sieves, indicated by an increase in temperature in a closed system.

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Chunking
The physical act of forming chunks in the process.

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Hydrolysis
The process of introducing a controlled amount of moisture into a system or equipment to attain a desired reaction.

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Passivation
The process of introducing a controlled amount of substance into a system or equipment to render the equipment or environment inactive to undesired reaction.

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Priming
The process of liquid filling up of pump casing to displace the trapped gases.

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HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)

A polyethylene made in the UNIPOL PE process with a density exceeding about 0.94 g/cc. Homopolymers made from ethylene alone have almost no side groups in the polymer chain and have a density of about 0.96 g/cc. Copolymers made of ethylene and a comonomer contain side groups and have densities of 0.94 - 0.95 g/cc.
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LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene)

Polyethylene made in the PE process with a density less than 0.94 g/cc .

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Extrusion
Process of melting the granular resins forcing the molten polymer through die and cutting them into prescribe size and shape.

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Additive
A material incorporated into the polymer to enhance physical or chemical properties of the final product. Can be in the form of neat additives, preblends, masterbatches, mastermixes or premixes.

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TAPPI
Abbreviation for Textile And Pulp And Paper Institute; a standard used for evaluating contamination.

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Dense Phase Conveying

Movement of a solid material in a pneumatic conveying system when the ratio of the pounds of solid conveyed to the pounds of conveying gas is greater than 15.

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Dilute Phase Conveying

Movement of a solid material in a pneumatic conveying system when the ratio of the pounds of solid conveyed to the pounds of conveying gas is less than 15.

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Carcinogens
Agents/compounds that may induce cancer in humans.

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Mutagen
An agent that affects the genes or cells of the exposed people in such a way that it may cause cancer in the exposed individual or an undesirable mutation to occur in some later generation.

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Teratogen
Agents or compounds that a pregnant woman takes into her body that generate defects in the fetus.

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Asphyxiant
A gas that causes a reduction of the oxygen supply to tissues

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Anoxia
The condition where there is totally no Oxygen in the body.

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Hypoxia
The condition where part of the body has no Oxygen.

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Asphyxia
The condition where there is loss of pulse, enrichment of CO2 in the blood.

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Volatile
The property of a liquid with a low boiling point such that it evaporates readily

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Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

The highest concentration of a gas or vapor in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition. Above the UEL, the mixture is too rich to burn (i.e. there is insufficient oxygen). Usually indicated by the percentage by volume of vapor in air.

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Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

Minimum concentration of an explosive material (vapor) in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition. Below the LEL, the mixture is too lean (i.e. there is insufficient fuel). Usually indicated by the percentage by volume of vapor in air.

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Minimum Ignition Energy

The minimum amount of thermal energy released at a point in a combustible mixture that will cause indefinite flame propagation away from that point, under specified test conditions.

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Purging
The process of removing undesired gases from the product or from the process. It can be done by pressure purge wherein the pressure is increased and then reduced by blow-off or venting or it can be by flow purge where a flow is established while simultaneously maintaining a controlled blow-off or venting.
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Vent
The highest point in the line or equipment that is used to bleed-off trapped gases. It is normally referred as HPV or highest point vent.

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Flushing
The process of removing undesired solid or liquid contaminants from the equipment. It can be done by the use of liquid medium. When water is used as the purging medium, it is water flushing. There are oil flushing, condensate flushing, etc.

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Drain
The point where liquid or solid contents of equipment or lines are taken out. Normally referred to a LPD or lowest point drain.

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Minimum Allowable Operating Temperature (MAOT)

MAOT is the lowest temperature at which the equipment or piping pressure rating is adequate to meet the requirements of the system. Any temperature lower than this value will decrease the pressure rating to an unacceptable value.

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Grounding (Earthing)
The process of connecting one or more conductive objects to the ground, and is a specific form of bonding. Used to dislodge electric charge into the ground.

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Lock-Out
A system to make equipment safe for use. The system employ a procedure to assure the source of energy is stopped and equipment is rendered inmobile.

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Tag-Out
The system of placing a warning signs to a lock-out source of energy to prevent alteration of condition.

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Blinding or Spading
The system of placing a piece of metal of correct rating into a connecting flanges to positively isolate lines and equipment.

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Encapsulation
The system of retracting a piece of radioactive source into a lead capsulating chamber .

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Racking-out
The system of cutting off the flow of electricity into an electrical equipment.

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Work Permit
A document containing technical information, safety requirements and preventive measures, that are approved by all certified signatories of affected areas specified in the procedure

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ISO
International Organization for Standardization The purpose of the organization is to develop common quality standards.

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Work Instruction Procedure (WIP)

Step-by-step directions on how a work is performed.

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Standard (SOP)

Operating

Procedure

The 2nd level of documentation that defines and controls a business function.

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