BY:ABHISHEK GOEL SHUBHAM GUPTA VARUN SOOD

Organization need to manage their data assets very

carefully to make sure that the data can be easily accessed and used by managers and employee across the org.

 Database: organized collection of logically related data Data: stored representations of meaningful objects

Definitions
and events

Structured: numbers, text, dates Unstructured: images, video, documents

Information: data processed to increase knowledge in

the person using the data Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data

Org. data in traditional file environment

Uses file handling system
Despite of excellent h/w and s/w , many org. have

insufficient information system because of poor file management

 Computer system organises data in a hierarchy that

starts with bits , bytes and progress to field (data_item) records , files (table) and database Bit- 0, 1 8 bit = 1 byte Grouping of character into word , a group of word field group of related fields-record Group of similar type of records file A group of selected files - database

Disadvantages of File Processing

Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use

Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data

Limited Data Sharing

No centralized control of data

Lengthy Development Times

Programmers must design their own file formats

Excessive Program Maintenance

80% of of information systems budget

Problems with Data Dependency

Each application programmer must maintain their own data Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data Lack of coordination and central control Non-standard file formats

Figure 1-2 Three file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture

Duplicate Data

Problems with Data Redundancy

Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches

The biggest problem:

When data changes in one file, could

cause inconsistencies Compromises data integrity

SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach

Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent Stored in a standardized, convenient

form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Database
A DB is a collection of data organized to serve many

applications efficiently by centralizing the data and minimizing redundant data. It is a spl s/w that permits an org. to centralize data , manage them efficiently and provide access to the stored data by application programs.

Database Management System

A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

Database Models
Common models include:
Hierarchical model Network model

Relational model

Hierarchical DBMS
A DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships among

data in the database are established in such a way that one data item is present as the subordinate of another one. Here subordinate means that items have 'parent-child' relationships among them. Direct relationships exist between any two records that are stored consecutively. The data structure "tree" is followed by the DBMS to structure the database. No backward movement is possible/allowed in the hierarchical database. Most of the older DBMS such as Dbase, FoxPro etc. are hierarchical which are rarely used nowadays.

Network DBMS
A DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if the relationships

among data in the database are of type many-to-many. The relationships among many-to-many appears in the form of a network. Thus the structure of a network database is extremely complicated because of these many-to-many relationships in which one record can be used as a key of the entire database. Though the structure of such a DBMS is highly complicated however it has two basic elements i.e. records and sets to designate many-to-many relationships. Mainly high-level languages such as Pascal, Cobol and Fortran etc. were used to implement the records and set structures. But it's very difficult to understand.

Relational DBMS
A DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or RDBMS if

the database relationships are treated in the form of a table. A statical table that is composed of rows and columns is used to organize the database and its structure and is actually a two dimension array in the computer memory A number of RDBMS are available however the most popular are Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access and so on.

E-R DIAGRAMS
Entity-relationship

modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams, or ERDs.

 There are three basic elements in ER models: Entities are the "things" about which we seek information. Attributes are the data we collect about the entities. Relationships provide the structure needed to draw information from multiple entities.

Evolution of DB Systems

Flat files - 1960s - 1980s Hierarchical 1970s - 1990s Network 1970s - 1990s Relational 1980s - present Object-oriented 1990s - present Object-relational 1990s - present Data warehousing 1980s - present Web-enabled 1990s - present