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Outline
Introduction Categories Embedded System Architecture Specialties of Embedded Systems Recent Trends in Embedded Systems Communication Interfaces
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A system that has hardware with software embedded in it as one of its most important component and intended for a dedicated application.
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devices.
Billions of units produced yearly, versus millions of desktop units.
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Application Areas
Consumer Electronics Automobiles Office Automation/Data Communication Industrial Automation Biomedical Engineering Wireless Communication, etc,etc
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Application Examples
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Application Examples
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Application Examples
Medical Instrumentation
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Networking, telecom (cellular) networks, Web sites and services Computer games.
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Hardware Architecture
RAM ROM
Input Devices
Processor
Output Devices
Communication Interfaces
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Processor
It is the core of the Embedded System
Microprocessors Microcontrollers DSPs FPGAs
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Processor Selection
Speed & Word length Packaging Power Consumption Amount of on chip RAM,ROM RISC/CISC Program Storage Architecture (Harward/ Von-Nuemann) Availability of peripherals How easy to develop products How easy to upgrade Availability in the market
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Size
Limited User Interface
Performance
Flexibility
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Recent Trends
Processing Power
Memory
Operating Systems Communication Interfaces Networking Capability Programming Languages
Development Tools
Programmable Hardware
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Software in embedded system may need upgradation after being installed in the field.
May be connected to internet so that anyone can access them.
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Communication Interfaces
RS 232/UART; RS422/RS 485 USB SPI, PCI I2C, CAN, Firewire (IEEE 1394) Bluetooth, Zigbee , WiFi
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RS 232
RS (Recommended Standard) set in 1960s
TxD
TxD RxD
RxD
ground
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RS 422
Uni-directional full duplex standard Suitable for electrically noisy industrial environments. Bit rate above 50Mbps
Distance up to 1200m
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RS 422
Used in industrial environments that require only one bus master. Typical applications
Process automation Factory automation Motor control
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Rs 485
Bi-directional half duplex standard. Meets all RS 422 specifications, but more robust. Industrial applications with more than one bus master. Used in networked applications. >512 devices can be connected.
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RS 485
Typical application areas are similar to those of RS 422. Shielded twisted pair cable.
UART
Used to bridge the processor and RS 232 port. Two sections: Receiver and Transmitter
Processor
UART
Level Shifter
RS 232
Connector
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UART
Receiver Receives data in serial format, convert to parallel format and gives to processor Transmitter Take data from processor in parallel format, convert to serial format and transmits.
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USB
Uses Master/Slave architecture. Can connect up to 127 devices to a host. USB 1.1 supports 12Mbps & USB2.0 supports 480 Mbps. Supports plug and play. USB devices are hot pluggable. Communication is in the form of packets of size up to 1023 bytes.
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USB
USB Host Controller
Printer
Scanner
Digital Camera
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SPI
SPI is a synchronous serial data link standard. Devices communicate in master/slave mode where the master device initiates the data frame. Multiple slave devices are allowed with individual slave select (chip select) lines.
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SPI Slave
SPI
The SPI bus specifies four logic signals.
SCLK Serial Clock (output from master)
MOSI/SIMO Master Output, Slave Input
Advantages
Full duplex communication Higher throughput than IC Typically lower power requirements than IC Slaves don't need a unique address -- unlike IC At most one "unique" bus signal per device (chip select); all others are shared
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Disadvantages
Requires more pins on IC packages than IC Supports only one master device Only handles short distances compared to RS232, RS-485, or CAN-bus
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I 2C
Developed early 1980s.
I2C Bus protocol consists of two active wires (SDA & SCL) and a ground connection.
Every device hooked up to the bus has its own unique address. Each device can act as a receiver and/or transmitter.
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I2C
SDL Master
SCL
Slave Slave Slave Slave
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CAN Features
Data transfer rates up to 1 Mbit/s and 11-bit addressing Requires devices to transmit/detect dominant and recessive signals to/from bus
e.g., 1 = dominant, 0 = recessive if single data wire used
Bus guarantees dominant signal prevails over recessive signal if asserted simultaneously.
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Firewire
High-performance serial bus developed by Apple Computer Inc. in late 1980s Designed for interfacing independent electronic components
e.g., Desktop, scanner
Data transfer rates from 12.5 to 400 Mbits/s, 64-bit addressing Hot insertion & Plug-and-play capabilities Packet-based layered design structure
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Bluetooth
New, global standard for wireless connectivity Based on low-cost, short-range radio link Connection established when within 10 meters of each other No line-of-sight required
e.g., Connect to printer in another room
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Zigbee
Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Created by the ZigBee Alliance
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Zigbee
Designed for wireless controls and sensors Operates in Personal Area Networks (PANs) and device-to-device networks Connectivity between small packet devices Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances, etc.
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worker bees
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THANK YOU
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