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R5: KINETIC
SCOPE OF STUDY
Boyles Law Charles Law GayLussacs Law
Absolute Temperatur e
Real Gas
gases
Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere
gases
gases
Physical Characteristics of Gases
Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers. Gases are the most compressible state of matter. Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container. Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
gases
Molecular mass
The molecular mass of a molecule is the sum of the atomic masses of its atoms. For instance, hydrogen and oxygen have atomic masses of 1.007 94 u and 15.9994 u, respectively. The molecular mass of a water molecule (H2O) is: 2(1.007 94 u) + 15.9994 u = 18.0153 u.
AVOGADROS NUMBER
The number of atoms per mole is known as Avogadro's number NA, after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (17761856):
Number of moles
The number of moles n contained in any sample is the number of particles N in the sample divided by the number of particles per mole NA (Avogadro's number):
The number of moles contained in a sample can also be found from its mass.
BOYLES LAW
DEFINITION
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure applied to it when temperature is constant
BOYLES LAW
GRAPH :
BOYLES LAW
FORMULA
P 1/V P x V = constant P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Constant temperature Constant amount of gas
BOYLES LAW
Example : A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL?
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 P1 = 726 mmHg V1 = 946 mL P2 = P1 x V1 V2 = P2 = ? V2 = 154 mL
= 4460 mmHg
charlesS LAW
DEFINITION
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature when the pressure is constant
charlesS LAW
GRAPH :
charlesS LAW
FORMULA
charlesS LAW
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?
V1/T1 = V2/T2 V1 = 3.20 L T1 = 398.15 K V2 x T 1 V1 V2 = 1.54 L T2 = ? 1.54 L x 398.15 K 3.20 L = 192 K
T2 =
Gay-lussacS LAW
DEFINITION
The absolute pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature when the volume is constant
Gay-lussacS LAW
GRAPH :
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy. As temperature increases, particles move faster. As the temperature of a gas increases the particles will hit the walls with more force.
Gay-lussacS LAW
FORMULA
Gay-lussacS LAW
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18C. What is the new pressure when the temperature is 62C? (V and n constant).
Conditions 2 P2 T2 =
Gay-lussacS LAW
2. Solve Gay-Lussacs Law for P2: P1 = P2 T1 T2 P2 = P1 x T2 T1 P2 = 2.0 atm x 335 K = 2.3 atm 291 K
Temperature ratio increases pressure
nRT P= V
OR
PV=nRT
No. of moles
Temperature
PV = nRT
P V T n R = = = = = pressure volume temperature (Kelvin) number of moles gas constant Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
Solve for constant (R) PV nT Substitute values: (1 atm) (22.4 L) = R (1 mole)(273 K) R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K
Solution :
PV = nRT P= 1215.9 kPa, V= 0.315 L, T= 298 K (1215.9 kPa)(0.315 L) (8.31 kPaL/Kmol)(298 K) = n = 0.1547 mol 0.1547 mol x 32 g/mol = 4.95 g
Solution :
Step 1) Write down given information. mass = 500 g iodine n = 1.9685 mol I2 T = 573 K (300oC) P = 0.9737 atm (740 mm Hg) R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K V=?L
Step 4) Substitute in numbers and solve (1.9685 mol)(0.0821 atm . L / mol . K)(573 K) V = 0.9737 atm V = 95.1 L I2
R P =n T = N V R N A
Number of molecules
=N T kT
Absolute temperature
Temperature measured using the Kelvin scale where zero is absolute zero. Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero (0 K). Kelvin unit and its scale, by international agreement, are defined by two points: absolute zero, and the triple point.
Absolute temperature
Absolute zero is the temperature at which nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance - exactly 0 K and 273.15 C. The triple point of water is, by definition, exactly 273.16 K and 0.01 C. This definition does three things: It fixes the magnitude of the kelvin unit as being exactly 1 part in 273.16 of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water; It establishes that one kelvin has exactly the same magnitude as a onedegree increment on the Celsius scale; It establishes the difference between the two scales null points as being exactly 273.15 kelvins (0 K 273.15 C and 273.16 K 0.01 C).
Absolute temperature
Triple Point of water : The point where water in the solid, liquid and gas states can coexist in equilibrium. The pressure of triple point is 4.58 torr and the temperature is 0.01 degree Celsius.
Absolute temperature
Absolute temperature
The absolute temperature, T at any points for an ideal gas is defined :
where :
P = Pressure in the thermometer when it is at point where T is determined PTP = Pressure of gas in the thermometer at the triple point temperature of water
REAL gas
DEFINITION
Most like an ideal gas when the real gas is at low pressure and high temperature.
REAL gas
At high pressures gas particles are close therefore the volume of the gas particles is considered. At low temperatures gas particles have low kinetic energy therefore particles have some attractive force In real gases, particles attract each other reducing the pressure Real gases behave more like ideal gases as pressure approaches zero. Example : Dry ice, liquid oxygen and nitrogen
The end
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