What is a slum

Any predominantly residential area where dwellings which by reason of dilapidation, over-crowding, faulty arrangement of design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals

Programmes:
Slum area improvement and clearance act 1956 enacted by Central Government of India Environmental improvement of urban slums Urban basic services aimed at improving quality of life under 8th five year plan Nehru Rozgar Yojna aimed at liberation of scavengers

Definitions
Squatter: Illegal occupation of land Slums: Run down housing in older legally built parts of city proper, sub-standard housing, high density, noservices, cheap rental accommodation for rural migrants Quasi-legal: Developed by land-lards who sells small plots of undeveloped land to low income group. Infrastructure and permission to develop are lacking Variant: refuge settlement. Natural catastrophes, historical events, wars, riots lead to displacement of population

Process of settlement formation: Invasion, accretion, entrepreneurial development Settlement growth and change: a) expansion, b) densification, c) redevelopment, d) population succession Factors affecting formation, growth, change:
Rate of migration to urban areas rate of natural increase in population Industrialization, proximity to employment Historical events Inadequacy of existing stock Use of low priority hazardous land Amount of land availability

Which land do they select:

Land lacking public interest Land marked by difficult physical conditions- steep slopes, swamps, river banks, railway embankments, space under bridges, land under long legal disputes

Rehabilitation and upgrading: Burden on public funds considerably less than for public housing and relocation Relocation removes people from employment and reduces their capacity for survival.

Shelter provision and employment generation

Activity
House construction Sites and services Upgrading infrastructure House maintenance Building material production Rural construction and maintenance

Community control
Labor-intensive Roads, drainage, sanitation Roads, drainage, sanitation Ideal small scale Suitable Ideal

Problems and limitations

Government control over land Government control over land Government control over land High-rise high technology Social resistance to local materials Long distances

Drainage
Water supply Sanitation Solid waste collection and disposal Transport

Digging, lining and maintenance, clearing

Small system ideal Local systems on-site composting Ideal for recycling

Large equipment
Tube well high technology Raw faces, health hazard Protection required from hazardous waste segregation

Potential for passengers and Passenger and others safety freight potential for building roots

Comparison of formal and informal sectors

Description Ease of access Origin of resources Scale of operations ownership Technology Skills Market Formal sector Difficult to enter External Large Corporate Capital-intensive and imported Formally acquired Protected through tariffs, quotas Informal sector Easy to enter Internal Small Family Labor-intensive and adapted Acquired outside formal education system Unregulated, competitive

Definitions of poverty
Absolute measures of poverty specifies an amount of money that an individual or a family must receive to obtain a minimum standard of living Relative measures of poverty is expressed as percentage of total population Non-economic aspects of poverty involves human needs such as self-fulfillment, security, freedom of movement Other measures: Income and consumption, households budget used for food calorie intake of members of household

Legislation for sustainable plan implementation and development

Town planning schemes Plot re-constitutions: Maharashtra, Gujarat Temporary acquisition of lands without local authority having to pay compensation but helps to provide city level infrastructure and neighborhood amenities Large amount of service land is made available Land-pooling technique: South Korea, Taiwan, west Australia- land readjustment, consolidation, redistribution Land in urban fringes- privately owned, and unauthorizedly developed. Assembly of small holding into single estate- laying out of streets, open spaces, building plots for planned urban uses of land

Guided urban development: Tamilnadu- Private affected by urban land ceiling act is encouraged to provide serviced sites as per standards laid out by public authority for EWS in return for exemption from this act Public authority purchases EWS, LIG plots at fixed price Private developer can dispose off the rest of the plots at prices fixed by him

Purchase of land through negotiation: 20 to 50 acres in size PWD and Town and country planning departments, housing board fix the price of land after negotiating with land owner Private sector participation in land development: State Government permits participation of private developers, colonizers, builders, in urban development- Haryana state Transfer of development right: Separate development potential of a particular parcel of land from it. Allows its use elsewhere within defined zones in the city

Compensation to land owner whose development right have been curtailed

TDR is achieve i) land mark preservation, ii) open space preservation, iii) reservation of fragile land, iv) construct moderate low-income housing, v) regulatory mechanism In Mumbai land is reserved or unbuildable the development rights are transferred elsewhere (high value area to low value area on one to one scale). No wastage for prize differential assigned

Development rights certificate is issued Total rights = built up area of land owner could have developed as per existing FSI on his original land parcel Additional rights are given if land owner constructs amenities for which the land is constructed Additional component = built up area of the structures constituting the amenities or 40% total spaceor road reservation

Accommodation reservation: To reduce amount of land local authority should acquire land for development Land reserved for certain purpose can be developed by the by land owner himself It allows land owner to obtain additional FSI on his plot in return for amenities for the prescribed use