CHAPTER 8: SALTS

1. Classification and preparation of salt

Neutralisation using titration

Titration method Evaporation/Heating

Cooling/crystallization
Filtration Dry

Salt Preparation

Soluble salts

Insoluble salts

Salt type (Na+, K+, NH4+)

Other than (Na+, K+, NH4+) Acid + Metal oxide Acid + Metal Acid + metallic carbonate

Neutralisation

Preparation of soluble salts other than (Na+, K+, NH4+)

1. Acid + metal oxide Salt + water Eg: HCl + MgO MgCl2 + H2O

2. Acid + metal Salt + hydrogen gas Eg: 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2

3. Acid + metal carbonate Salt + water + carbon dioxide Eg: HCl + CuCO3 CuCl2 + H2O + CO2

Step 1 Heating
Metal/ metal oxide/ metal carbonate

Glass rod

Acid

Pour 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid into a beaker. Warm the acid. Use a spatula to add copper(II) oxide powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the mixture well. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of it no longer dissolves(excess unreacted metal).

See the change of metal solid colour and dissolve

Step 2 Filtration

Solution salt contains impurities.

Excess unreacted metal (residue)

Evaporating basin with salt solution (filtrate)

Step 3 Heating/Evaporation
Salt solution
Evaporating basin

Step 4 Cooling

Step 5 Filtration
Rinse with distilled water Glass rod

The crystals are filtered and rinsed with a little cold distilled water.

Salt Cystals

Filter Paper

Step 6 Drying

Recrystallisation
Purpose: To purify impure salts because the salts contain impurities

Steps:
2. Repeat heating/evaporation, cooling, filtration and drying process

1. Adding distilled water to impure salt

Salt crystal characteristic

Regular geometric shapes such as cubic or hexagonal Straight and sharp edges Flat and smooth surfaces Surfaces that make definite angles with one another Hard but brittle

Fast crystallisation small crystals Slow crystallisation large crystals

Now lets watch a video about Recrystallisation

Preparation of insoluble salts

Precipitation method
1. Mix two soluble salts aqueous solutions together and react to form an insoluble salt and soluble salt. Example: Barium nitrate + sodium sulphate

Barium sulphate + sodium nitrate

2. This reaction is called double decomposition.

Two aqueous solutions/soluble salts were mixed together

[one of the solutions contains the cations of the insoluble salt]

[one of the solutions contains the anions of the insoluble salt]

Mixture solutions

Glass rod

Distilled water

Glass rod

Filter paper

Precipitate (residue) Filter funnel Aqueous Solution (filterate)

Precipitate (residue)

Retort stand

Filtration : Remove solution from precipitate

Rinse : remove other ions from precipitate

Precipitate /Soluble salts

Filter paper

FLOW CHART : PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS

MIX - STIR TWO SOLUBLE SALTS

Dry : Dried by pressing between two pieces of filter paper.

FILTRATION REMOVE FILTRATE

RINSE REMOVE OTHER IONS

PRESS BETWEEN FILTER PAPER

DRY

Do Activity 8.5

Insoluble Salt

Salt solution Cation Anion Na2CO3

Chemical Equation

Ionic Equation Zn2+ + CO32 ZnCO3 Ba2+ + SO42 BaSO4 Pb2+ + SO42 PbSO4 Pb2+ + 2I PbI2

Zinc Zn(NO3 )2 carbonate, ZnCO3 Barium sulphate, BaSO4 Lead (II) sulphate, PbSO4 Lead (II) iodide, PbI2 Ba(NO3)2

Zn(NO3 )2 + Na2CO3 ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2+K2SO4 BaSO4+ 2KNO3 Pb(NO3 )2 + Na2SO4 PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 Pb(NO3 )2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3

K2SO4

Pb(NO3 )2

Na2SO4

Pb(NO3 )2

KI

Conclusion
Na+, K+, NH4+ Neutralisation

Soluble Salts Preparation of salts

Other than Na+, K+, NH4+ reaction with metal, metal oxide or metal carbonate

Insoluble Salts

Precipitation method