RF Tuning Workshop

Agenda
Introduction Basic Principles RF Initial Tuning Overview Case Study

Introduction
WCDMA Network Initial Tuning is aimed to make the network to be ready for launch in term of Accessibility, Retainability, and Integrity.

Basic Principles

Basic Principles
WCDMA General Priniciple Ericsson WCDMA RAN Functionality

WCDMA General Principle

1850

Spectrum Allocation
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
2010 M Hz

2200

2250

ITUA llocations
1885 M Hz

IM 2000 T UM TS

M SS

IM 2000 T
2025 M Hz 2110 M Hz

M SS

2170 M Hz M SS 2170 M Hz

Europe

G 1800 DECT SM
1880 M Hz 1850 M W Hz LL

M SS 1980 M Hz W LL M SS 1980 M Hz

UM TS

China

G 1800 SM
1885 M Hz

IM 2000 T

IM 2000 T

M SS

Hz 1885 M 1918 M Hz

Japan Korea (w/o PHS) North A erica m

PHS 1895 M Hz

IM 2000 T

M SS

IM 2000 T

M SS

2160 M Hz
A D B A EF C

PCS
A D B A EF C

M SS

M Reserve D M SS S

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

UMTS Spectrum
Frequency Division Duplex; 2x60 MHz UTRA Paired Band: WCDMA Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz

TDD 1900

FDD UL 1950

MSS TDD 2000 2050 2100

FDD DL 2150

MSS 2200 f MHz

Time Division Duplex UTRA Unpaired Band: UTRA TDD & TD-SCDMA 1900-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz

Mobile Satellite Service; 2x30 MHz

Uplink: 1980-2010 MHz Downlink: 2170-2200 MHz

Direct Sequence CDMA

Separate users through different codes
IS-95 (1.25 MHz) CDMA2000 (3.75 Hz) WCDMA (5 MHz)

Large bandwidth
Continuous transmission and reception

t
MS 1 MS 2 MS 3

Code

f
5 MHz

Coding Concept
User Information bits are multiplied with the quasi random bits called chips causing the information to be spread over a wide bandwidth
Orthogonal Code 1

Orthogonal Codes provide unique identification of each data channel

Sync. Bits

Orthogonal Code 2

Control/ Signaling Data

Error Error Protection Protection

Orthogonal Code 3

Spread Spectrum (PN) Codes provide unique identification of each transmitter

Spread Spectrum (PN or Gold) Code

Vocoder Vocoder

Error Error Protection Protection

Orthogonal Code 4

Linear Linear Summation Summation

Filtering Filtering ++ RF RF Modulation Modulation

RF Out

User Data Channel 1

Error Error Protection Protection

Orthogonal Code N User 1 User 2 User 3 ...
Frequency

User Data Channel N

Error Error Protection Protection

Orthogonal Code
Orthogonal Code Known as Channelization Code The output is a stream of bits, which is called Chip Chip Rate for WCDMA is 3.84 Mbps Used to differentiate data channels within the Users

Scrambling Code
Known as Pseudo Noise Code (PN) 512 Primary Scrambling Codes DL Several million codes UL PN code 1 PN code 1 PN code 4 Differentiate RBS in DL PN code 3 Differentiate user in UL BS 1 transmits on PN code 1
PN code 2 PN code 5 PN code 2 PN code 6

BS 2 transmits on PN code 2

Ericsson WCDMA RAN Functionality

Network Architecture

Ericsson P4 RAN Feature

Handover Power Control Channel Switching Capacity Management

Handover
Capability Allow UE to have mobility in the connected mode with maintained quality and minimum resource utilization Type of Handover Soft/Softer Handover IFHO IRAT

Handover Flow
RNC
MEASUREMENT CONTROL

UE
Perform Measurements UE evaluation
MEASUREMENT REPORT

Evalutation Execution

Radio Link Add/Remove/Replace? Radio Link Allocation/deallocation

ACTIVE SET UPDATE

Radio Link Add/Remove/Replace

ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE

Monitored set calculation

MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Perform Measurements UE evaluation

MEASUREMENT REPORT

Power Control
Capability Maintain good quality connection Minimize UL and DL power utilization

Power Control basic types

Power control on COMMON CHANNELS ensures there is sufficient coverage to establish connections and transfer date on common transport channels
Cell set-up and cell reconfiguration

Common transport channel setup and reconfiguration

Power control on DEDICATED CHANNELS (DCH) ensures sufficient connection quality while minimizing impact on other connections.

Radio Link Setup

RAB Establishment Soft Handover (SOHO)

Power Balancing

Compressed Mode Inter-Frequency Handover

Power Control on DCH - Overview

The RBS and UE uses Inner Loop to send UL and DL TPCs (transmit power commands). The TPCs are determined by the outer loop power control.
P(SIR-Target,UL)

The RNC and UE uses Outer Loop power control to calculate UL and DL quality targets to which the UE and RNC shall adjust its transmitted power.

Inner loop
DL-TPC ULTPC P(SIR-Target, DL) SIR-Error,UL

UL-Outer loop
SIR-Target,UL

RNC

DL-Outer loop
BLER-Measured,DL

Open loop
P(Startvalue)

SIR-Target,DL

BLER = Block Error Rate

SIR = Signal to Interference Ratio TPC = Transmit Power Control

Initial Power Setting in UL and DL uses Open Loop. It ensures reliable connection setup, minimal impact on existing connections (UL) and avoids excessive power (DL).

Common Channel Power Setting Common Channel Powers

PCPICH: primaryCpichPower: default = 270(27 dBm) Broadcast Channel: bchPower: default = -31 (-3.1 dB) AICH: aichPower: default = -6 (-6 dB) FACH (control): maxFach1Power: default =18 (1.8 dB) FACH (traffic): maxFach2Power: default =15 (1.5 dB) Paging channel: pchPower:default =-4 (-0.4 dB) Paging indication ch: pichPower: default =-7 (-7 dB) Primary SCH: schPower1: default =-18 (-1.8 dB) Secondary SCH: schPower2: default =-35 (-3.5 dB)
5/ 038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5686 PA15 11

RBS

WCDMA Radio Network Functionalit y

Channel Switching
Capability Optimize the utilization of the radio resources by switching the UE to the most suitable transport channel based on the traffic volume, radio resource availability, radio condition, and mobility Only apply to I/B Packet Services

Channel Switching Types

Connected Mode Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL 2 2 2. Dedicated to dedicated 3 3. Dedicated to common 1. Common to Dedicated

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

2 2

Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL 1

Common Channel (Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH (max. 32 kbps) 4 Idle Mode 4. Common to Idle Mode

Common to Dedicated Evaluation

Monitors if the UE shall be switched from a common to a dedicated transport channel due to large amount of user data buffered in the RNC or the UE.
Connected Mode Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH) Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

UL RLC buffer load Up-switch

X
ulRlcBufUpswitch [256 bytes]

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

and/or
Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL Common Channel (Cell_FACH) RACH/FACH

DL RLC buffer load Up-switch

A request is sent to Admission Control to perform an up-switch from Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps

X
dlRlcBufUpswitch [500 bytes]

Idle Mode

Dedicated to Dedicated Coverage triggered Down-Switch Evaluation

Monitors if a switch to a lower rate radio bearer is required due to coverage.
DL TX code power > [Power Alarm Threshold], defined as Max Code Power downswitchPwrMargin. A down-switch to Cell_DCH with lower bitrate is requested. Timer coverageTimer starts. Connected Mode Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH) Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL DL TX code power < [Power Alarm Threshold] reportHysteresis while the timer is running, the down-switch request is cancelled. DL TX code power > [Power Alarm Threshold] reportHysteresis and timer coverageTimer expires. The downswitch is executed.

Pcode

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL

Common Channel (Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH

Idle Mode

Dedicated to Dedicated Up-Switch Evaluation

Monitors if the throughput becomes close to the max user bandwidth and switch to the next higher bitrate radio bearer is required.
Connected Mode Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH) Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

DL throughput is > 90 % of max. possible bitrate on current radio bearer AND the DL code power is < [Power up-switch threshold] reportHysteresis, where the [Power up-switch threshold] is defined as Max Code Power downswitchPwrMargin Estimated Power Increase upswitchPwrMargin. Timer upswitchTimer starts.

Pcode
DL throughput is < 90 % of max. possible bitrate on current radio bearer OR the DL code power becomes >= [Power up-switch threshold] while the upswitchTimer is still running. The timer stops and no up-switch is executed.

[2.9 dB for up-switch from 64-to-128 kbps] [4.7 dB for up-switch from 128-to-384 kbps]

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL

Common Channel (Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH DL throughput is > 90 % of max. possible bitrate of current RB AND the DL code power is < [Power up-switch threshold] when timer upswitchTimer expires. The up-switch request is sent Admission Control.

Idle Mode

Dedicated to Common Evaluation

Monitors if a switch from a Cell_DCH to Cell_FACH is required due to a decrease in transmitted user data.
UL and DL throughput increases above threshold downswitchTimerThreshold before the timer expires. The timer stops and no down-switch occurs.
Connected Mode Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH) Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

DownswitchTimer
Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL

DownswitchTimer

Common Channel (Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH

Idle Mode

UL and DL throughput falls below threshold defined by parameter downswitchThreshold and timer downswitchTimer starts.

The timer expires and a request is issued to down-switch from common to dedicated channel.

Common to Idle Evaluation

Monitors if a switch from Cell_FACH to Idle mode is required due to a complete lack of user data transmission.
Connected Mode
Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH) Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL

If both the UL and DL throughput is zero for a duration specified by parameter inactivityTimer, a request is sent to the Connection Handling function and further to Core via Iu, to release the connection.

Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL Common Channel (Cell_FACH) RACH/FACH

Idle Mode

Capacity Management
Capability Control the load in the cells and enable the system to provide requested QoS and coverage for the UE Associated features Admission Control Congestion Control Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling

Overview of Capacity Management

Channel Switching

Congestion Control
Resolves

Admission Control Admission

policies

Admission request Parameters

Prevents

Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling Monitored resources

Compressed Mode & DL spreading Air interface Speech Equivalent (ASE) RBS HW utilization

DL code utilization

DL transmitted power

UL received total wideband power (RTWP)

Periodic and event Measurements

DL code Channelization Codes monitor Histogram monitor

Monitors
DL code utilization DL code tree utilization (SF for users and CCHs) Compressed Mode & DL spreading Provides info about # of connections with a certain SF. This adds information about DL channelization usage. Also measure # of connections in compressed mode. Downlink transmitted power, which is affected by # of users, the type of connections and radio conditions in the cell

DL transmitted carrier power monitor

ASE monitor

DL transmitted power

Air interface Speech Equivalent (ASE) UL received total wideband power (RTWP) RBS HW utilization

Estimates UL and DL air-interface usage per radio link.

RTWP monitor RBS HW utilization

Total received UL power, i.e. information about UL interference.

Monitors the available HW resources (channel elements) in the RBS)

Admission Request
Admission Control Admission Request
Non-guaranteed, non-HO Non-Guaranteed, HO Guaranteed, non-HO Guaranteed, HO

Admission Request Attributes

Setup type (HO or not) Service class (guaranteed or not) Addl Compressed mode resources (if any) Addl DL TX power (if any) Addl DL channelization code resources (if any) Additional ASEs needed in UL or UL (if any)

Resource Utilization information

Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling
Guaranteed service class SRB AMR 12.2 CS 57.7 CS 64 PS streaming 16/64

Non-guaranteed service class PS 64/64 PS 64/128 PS 64/384 Multi-RAB (speech+PS 64/64)

DL Channelization Code Admission Policy

Reserves HO code capacity, by blocking guaranteed & non-guaranteed non-HO requests if too high DL code tree usage
Traffic class / Setup type

Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when current DL code resource usage exceeds dlCodeAdm - beMarginDlCode

ng non-HO requests g non-HO requests

Block & soft congestion Block & soft congestion beMarginDlCode % of DL code tree used

Guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when current DL code resource usage exceeds dlCodeAdm

Soft congestion is triggered

dlCodeAdm

Soft Congestion
Soft Congestion implies down-switching an existing non-guaranteed service to a lower DL bitrate due to blocking of a non-guaranteed HO or non-HO request for lower rate or guaranteed HO or non-HO request.

Down-switch of non-guaranteed service Service class of blocked HO or non-HO admission request Non-guaranteed 384 kbps Non-guaranteed 128 kbps Non-guaranteed 64 kbps Guaranteed From To No down-switch 384 kbps 384 kbps 128 kbps 384 kbps 128 kbps 128 kbps 128 kbps 64 kbps 128 kbps 64 kbps Order of sequence N/A N/A 1 2 1 2

Histogram Admission Policy

Controls the SF usage, by blocking non-guaranteed HO and non-HO requests if the DL SF usage and/or compressed mode usage is too high (a way of ensuring distribution of code tree utilization between services)
Non-guaranteed HO / non-HO requests demanding SF8 blocked if the usage of this SF exceeds sf8Adm. Non-guaranteed HO / non-HO requests demanding SF16 blocked if the usage of this SF exceeds sf16Adm. Non-guaranteed HO / non-HO requests demanding SF32 blocked if the usage of this SF exceeds sf32Adm. Blocks an admission that requests a radio link in compressed mode, when the current number of radio links in compressed mode exceeds parameter compModeAdm.
Traffic class / Setup type

Blocked

Blocked

Blocked sf16Adm SF 32 64 kbps

sf32Adm

sf8Adm Spreading Factor (SF) SF 8 384 Kbps SF 16 128 Kbps

DL Transmitted Carrier Power Admission Policy

Blocks guaranteed and nonguaranteed HO and non-HO requests if the DL power utilization is too high

Traffic class / Setup type ng non-HO requests ng HO requests g non-HO requests g HO requests Block & soft congestion Block & soft congestion Block & soft congestion Block & soft congestion beMarginDlPwr pwrAdmOffset pwrAdm DL Power usage

Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when current DL power utilization exceeds pwrAdm beMarginDlPwr Guaranteed and non-guaranteed HO and non-HO requests blocked when current DL power utilization exceeds pwrAdm Guaranteed HO requests blocked when current DL power utilization exceeds pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset Soft congestion is triggered

Set in relation to parameter maximumTransmissionPower , which is the configured maximum power for all DL channels added together, to be used simultaneously in a cell. The current default setting assumes a max. feeder loss of 6 dB.

ASE Admission Policy

Blocks guaranteed and non-guaranteed HO and non-HO requests if the airinterface utilization in the UL and/or DL is too high
Traffic class / Setup type ng non-HO requests ng HO requests g non-HO requests g HO requests Block Block Traffic class / Setup type ng non-HO requests ng HO requests g non-HO requests g HO requests UL ASE usage Block Block

Block Block

Block Block
beMarginAseDl aseDlAdm DL ASE usage

beMarginAseUl aseUlAdmOffset aseUlAdm

Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseUlAdm beMarginAseUl Non-guaranteed HO requests and guaranteed non-HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseUlAdm Guaranteed HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseUlAdm + aseUlAdmOffset

Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseDlAdm beMarginAseDl Non-guaranteed HO, guaranteed non-HO and guaranteed HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseDlAdm

Congestion Control
2
Congestion

Congestion Control 1 Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling

DL transmitted power UL received total wideband power (RTWP)

3 5

Admission Control

1
1.
2. 3. 4.

Cell(s)
Event based measurements
Congestion detected Order Admission Control to block new connection requests Send periodic measurements (1/s) until congestion resolved Initiate congestion resolve actions.

1 1 Event based Measurements

4 Periodic Measurements

5.

Congestion detection
DL congestion detection
DL TX carrier power pwrAdm+ pwrAdmOffset + pwrOffset pwrAdm+ pwrAdmOffset

UL congestion detection
UL Received Total Wideband Power UL congestion detected U congestion resolved

DL congestion detected

DL cong. resolved

iFCong + iFOffset iFCong

pwrHyst

pwrHyst

Time

iFHyst

iFHyst

Time

DL cell congestion occurs when the DL carrier power exceeds the configurable threshold pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset + pwrOffset for a duration longer than pwrHyst. DL cell congestion is considered resolved when the DL carrier power is below the configurable threshold pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset for a duration longer than pwrHyst.

UL cell congestion occurs when the UL RTWP exceeds the configurable threshold iFCong + iFOffset for a duration longer than iFHyst. UL cell congestion is considered resolved when the UL RTWP is below the configurable threshold iFCong for a duration longer than iFHyst.

Congestion resolve handling

UL Congestion

Congestion Control

Block new guaranteed nonHO and new non-guaranteed non-HO requests

Admission Control

DL Congestion

Congestion Control

Block ALL new requests

Admission Control

Start congestion resolve actions in the cell

Cell(s)

Downlink congestion resolve handling

Mix of non-guaranteed and guaranteed connections in congested cell
tmCongAction tmCongActionNg DL TX carrier power DL congestion detected pwrAdm+ pwrAdmOffset + pwrOffset pwrAdm+ pwrAdmOffset releaseAseDlNg releaseAseDlNg Release order of non-guaranteed services (from highest to lowest ASE in each group) 1. 2. 3. Non-guaranteed where radio link originated over Iu (to common) Non-guaranteed where radio link originated over Iur(terminated radio link) When no non-guaranteed services are left and congestion prevails, the congestion resolve action continues as per slide 30 (only guaranteed services). releaseAseDl releaseAseDl tmCongAction DL cong. resolved 1. An amount of ASE resources equal to releaseAseDlNg that are associated with non-guaranteed services are released immediately when congestion is detected. If there are still non-guaranteed services in the cell, timer tmCongActionNg starts. 2. If congestion prevails, releaseAseDlNg amount of ASE resources associated with non-guaranteed services are released periodically every time tmCongActionNg has Time started and expires (until the congestion is resolved). 3. If congestion still prevails and there are only guaranteed services in the cell, tmCongAction starts. When it expires, releaseAseDl amount of ASE resources associated with guaranteed services are released (periodically every time tmCongAction has started and expires, until the congestion is resolved).

RF Initial Tuning Overview

Workflow Tool

Overall Process

Work Flow
Data Collection KPI & Plots TEMS Log files Change Request

Data Preparation

Tuning Team

Analysis

Need Detailed Analysis Post Processing

Change Request UETR & Trace Setup UETR Log files

Support Team

Detailed Analysis

TR & CSR

Site Availability Check

RNC Trace files

Problem Category

O&M Team

Alarm Check & Site Healthy Check

Alarm Lists

Initial Tuning Basic Concept

Optimise tilts
Reduce Pilot Pollution Reduce Active Set Size Maximise EcIo and RSCP

Optimise Neighbour lists

Maximise mobility Decrease HO Failures

Identify Network Faults

HW installation errors UTRAN problems

Tools
TEMS Investigation
Scanner UEs

NeXplorer MCOM3g UETR Explorer Post Processing Tool (KPI Calculation) RF Problem Sheet

Case Study

Case Study
RF Issue Pilot Pollution Low Coverage, Quality Missing Neighbor Uplink Coverage Problem Uplink Interference Network Issue Swapped Feeder Neighbor Definition (Site Down) Co SC Issue AAL2 Failure

UE Issue UE Frozen No acknowledge at Preamble

RF Issue

Pilot Pollution
Pilot Pollution is defined to be the degradation in Ec/No of the best serving pilot owing to the presence of the other pilot signals received at a similarly high level, but which do not contribute constructively to the received signal.

While Threshold_PilotPollution = ReportingRange1b (5dB)

Pilot Pollution (2)

Low Coverage, Quality

Low Coverage & Quality

Missing Neighbor
Required Neighbor Relation is not defined The Cell becomes interferer Call drop when the delta of the RF measurement between the cell and the best cell is greater than releaseConOffset

Missing Neighbor (2)

Uplink Coverage Problem

Uplink Interference

Network Issue

Swapped Feeder

Neighbor Definition (Site Down)

Co Scrambling Code Issue

Co Scrambling Code Issue (2)

Neighbour list & combination

Active set

Neigbour list is defined every cell individually but must be combined in a unique list when handovering

Monitored set the union of neighbours from all cells in the active set

Duplicate cells are removed

Neighbour list & combination

Neighbour combination accordes to NB combination algorithm. Shared NB cells only could be added once a time. The maximum cells of monitor set is restricted by C_MaxSohoListSubset (=32) Redundant cells exceeding C_MaxSohoListSubset in the monitored set should be removed.

max 32 cells
cell A31

Truncated cells- unmonitored set

cell B31 cell C31

cellx
Undefined neighbors

celly

NB Combination Algorithm
NB combination algorithm ran at RNC side

Sample: e1a no DRNC

1. Setup a call: intially UE use the NB list contained in SIB 11.

2. Then RRC connection completed, first measurement control will be sent down to UE to tell what NB list should be used.

1.Setup a call 2.Measurement control

Moved to a new cell

3.Active set update 4.measurement control

3. With moving to new cell, active set update would occur, then RNC combines two neigbour sets into one unique monitored set list. 4. New measurement control will be sent after active set updated. Contains the new monitored set information for UE.

Continually listen the system information on BCH- SIB 11 gives the neigbour information

NB Combination Algorithm
A B C A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 A4 B4 C4 A5 B5 C5 A B A1 B1
e1b cell C dropped e1a, new cell D added,it has 32 NBs in its neigbourlis t

A2 B2 A3 B3 A4 B4 A5 B5

A B D A1 B1 D1 A2 B2 D2 A3 B3 D3 A4 B4 D4 A5 B5 D5 D18

e1c, new cell E replace cell B ,it has 32 NBs in its neigbour list

Truncated cell below this line could not be added into active set, even those NBs are defined in the RNC

A E D A1 E1 D1 A2 E2 D2 A3 E3 D3 A4 E4 D4 A5 E5 D5 D6 D18

Scenario: Intra-frequency No shared NB cell exsiting

Only 5 NBs with top priority in the defined NB list of cell D can be added into new monitored list, big problem!!!

AAL2 Failure

UE Issue

UE Frozen

No Acknowledge at Access Preamble