Chapter 4: ELECTROMAGNET

4.0 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETISM 4.1 Explain relationship between current flow and magnetism for these cases: 4.1.1 Explain current flow in a single conductor 4.1.2 Explain current flow in two conductors 4.1.3 Classify factors that affect electromagnetic strength in terms of a. Current strength b. Conductor length c. Coil length 4.2 Explain the characteristics of magnetic quantities in electromagnet 4.2.1 explain the characteristics of magnetic quantities in electromagnet 4.2.2 solve problems related to magnetic 4.2.3 explain electromagnetic induction and the factors that affect the value of induced current

Introduction-What Is Magnet

Introduction-What Is Magnet
The word magnet comes from the word 'magnetic' (lodestrone / black stone) is found in Magnesia, Turkey. Magnet A type of material that has interesting properties of materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. Magnetism The ability of a magnet to attract magnetic materials

Introduction-What Is Magnet
Terjemahan

Magnet Sejenis bahan yang boleh yang mempunyai sifat menarik bahan-bahan yang tertentu seperti besi, nikel dan kobalt. Kemagnetan Kebolehan sesuatu magnet menarik bahanbahan magnet yang lain

ELECTROMAGNET
One of the most important characteristic of current flow through a conductor is the ability to create a magnetic field. Magnetism is a force that is not visible, but the effect produced by the power can be seen. It's called the power of magnetism

ELECTROMAGNET Title
menjadi magnet di bawah pengaruh

daya pemagnetan dan hilang

kemagnetannya selepas sumber

pemagnetan dialihkan. Digunakan

dalam loceng elektrik, relay dll.

ELECTROMAGNET
-Apabila satu pengalir dililit dengan gegelung dan dialirkan arus, pengalir akan menjadi magnet sementara dan hilang sifat kemagnetan apabila arus dihentikan. Faktor-faktor mempengaruhi kekuatan medan magnet : Panjang pengalir Kekuatan arus Panjang gegelung

Current flow in a single conductor

Current flow in two conductors

Current flow in two conductors

Magnetic Flux Pattern

a. Single magnet

Magnetic Flux Pattern

b. Two magnets next to each other with opposite poles

-flux attract to each other

Magnetic Flux Pattern

c. Two magnets next to each other with same poles

-flux repelling each other

Characteristics of magnetic quantities

a. b. c. d. Magnetic field (Medan Magnet) Magnetic Flux (Urat daya magnet) Flux Density (Ketumpatan Fluks) Magnetic move Force ( Daya gerak magnet d.g.m) e. Magnetic Field Strength (Kekuatan/keamatan medan magnet) f. Permeability (ketelapan bahan) g. Reluctance (Engganan)

Magnetic field (Medan Magnet

Definisi : kawasan/ruang/zon di sekeliling magnet Simbol : -

Unit : -

Magnetic Flux (Urat daya magnet)

Definisi : the number of lines or dots that surrounds a magnet. It is in the area or zone of a magnetic field. jumlah garisan atau titik-titik yang mengelilingi suatu magnet.
Simbol : Unit : Weber (Wb)

Formula : = BA B = ketumpatan fluks (Wb/m2) A = luas permukaan (m2)

Flux Density (Ketumpatan Fluks)

Definisi : Jumlah fluks yang melalui luas keratan rentas magnet Simbol : B Unit : Tesla (T) @ Wb/m2

Formula : B = / A ; B = H = Fluks magnet (Wb) A = luas permukaan (m2)

Magnetomotive Force mmf( Daya gerak magnet d.g.m)

Definisi : Daya yang menghasilkan fluks di dalam gegelung Simbol : Fm Unit : Ampere-turn (At)

Formula : Fm = NI N = bilangan lilitan gegelung (turn) I = Arus (ampere)

Magnetic Field Strength (Kekuatan/keamatan medan magnet)

Definisi : sukatan daya gerak magnet (dgm) yang dikenakan di dalam suatu litar magnet. Simbol : H Unit : Ampere-turn/meter (At/m)

Formula : H = Fm / l

Permeability (Ketelapan bahan magnet)

Definisi : ukuran kebolehan sesuatu bahan membentuk fluks magnet di dalamnya. Simbol : (Ketelapan mutlak) unit : H/m (ketelapan ruang bebas =4x10-7) unit : H/m r =ketelapan relatif bahan Formula : = B/H ; B = H = r

Reluctance (Engganan)
Definisi : Sifat bahan melawan kewujudan fluks Simbol : S Unit : Ampere-turn/Weber (At/Wb) Formula : S = l / A S = Fm /

COMPLETE THE TABLE

No.
1.

Magnet Quantities
Magnetic Flux jumlah garisan

Symbol

Formula

Unit

2.

3.

4.

6.

Tutorial
A loop shaped mild steel core with an average length of 40cm and cross-sectional area is 5cm2.The conductor is wound with 1000 turns and 4A current flows through it. Given the relative permeability of 1200. Calculate : i. ii. iii. iv. Magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength Absolute permeability Flux density

v.
vi.

The value of flux

The reluctance

Solution
l = 40cm = 0.4m A = 5cm2 = 5x10-4 N =1000 t I = 4A r = 1200

i. Fm = N x I = 1000 x 4 = 4000At ii. H = Fm / l = 4000 / 0.4 = 10,000 At/m iii. = r = (4x10-7)x 1200 = 0.0015 H/m

i. Fm = N I = 1000 x 4 = 4000At
ii. H = Fm / l = 4000 / 0.4 = 10,000 At/m

iii. = r = (4x10-7)x 1200 = 0.0015 H/m

iv. B = H = 0.0015 x 10,000 = 15 Wb/m2

v. = B A = 15 x (5x10-4) = 0.0075 = 7.5mWb

vi. S = Fm / = 4000 / 0.0075 = 533333.3 At/Wb

Tutorial 2
A mild steel ring has a diameter of 18cm and cross-sectional area of 5cm2. If the relative permeability is 1250, calculate : i. The reluctance of the mild steel, (S = l / rA) , l =2r i. The mmf required to produced a flux of 600Wb ( S = Fm / -> Fm = S ) ii. Absolute permeability ( =r)

Solution
d = 18cm = 0.18m , r=0.09m A = 5cm2 = 5x10-4 r = 1250

Tutorial 3
A core of a mild steel shaped loop have long average 40cm and cross sectional area 2cm2.Stated conductor wounded with 1000 turns coil and 4A current flowing through it. Relative permeability given as 1200. Calculate: i. Magnetomotive force ii. Magnetic field strength iii. Absolute permeability iv. Flux density v. Magnetic Flux vi. The reluctance

Electromagnetic Induction
Whenever an electric current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is immediately brought into existence in the space surrounding the conductor. It can be said that when electrons are in motion, they produce a magnetic field. This phenomenon whereby an e.m.f. and hence current is induced in any conductor which is cut across or is cut by a magnetic flux is known as electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetic flux cuts conductor

Electromagnetic Induction

Conductor cuts magnetic flux

Faradays Law
First Law : Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is always induced in it. or Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that conductor. Second Law : The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.

The End