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Objectives
Describe the basic concept of voltage regulation Discuss the principles of series, shunt, and switching voltage regulation Discuss IC voltage regulators and some of their applications
Introduction
The purpose of voltage regulation is to maintain a precise voltage output from a power supply despite load and input voltage variations. There are basically two categories: linear and switching. As with many systems, discrete device circuits are being replaced with integrated circuits. We will discuss a few of the IC type regulators.
Line regulation is the maintenance of a specific output voltage despite changes in input voltage. How well a regulator performs line regulation can be determined by the formula below. Line Regulation = (VOUT/VIN)100%
Voltage Regulation
Load regulation is the maintenance of a precise output voltage despite changes in load resistance. How well a regulator performs load regulation can be determined by the formula below. Load Regulation = (VNL - VFL) /VFL100%
Voltage Regulation
Figure 183
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VOUT (1 + R2/R3)VREF
Figure 186
Illustration of series regulator action that keeps VOUT constant when VIN or RL changes.
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Figure 187
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IL(max) = .7V/R4
Figure 189
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Figure 1811
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Figure 1813
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Figure 1814 Sequence of responses when VOUT tries to decrease as a result of a decrease in RL or VIN (opposite responses for an attempted increase).
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Figure 1815
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Figure 1816
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Figure 1817 Switching regulator waveforms. The VC waveform is shown for no inductive filtering to illustrate the charge and discharge action (ripple). L and C smooth VC to a nearly constant level, as indicated by the dashed line for VOUT.
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 1818
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Figure 1820
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Figure 1821
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Figure 1822
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Figure 1823
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Figure 1824
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IC Regulators
Regulation circuits in integrated circuit form are widely used. Their operation is no different but they are treated as a single device with associated components. These are generally three terminal devices that provide a positive or negative output. Some types are have variable voltage outputs.
A typical 7800 series voltage regulator is used for positive voltages. The 7900 series are negative voltage regulators. These voltage regulators when used with heatsinks can safely produce current values of 1A and greater. The capacitors act as line filtration.
IC Regulators
Figure 1825
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Figure 1826
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IC Regulators
Adjustable IC regulators are available with either positive or negative output. They can be set to produce a specific voltage by way of an external reference voltage divider network. Switching regulators are also available in IC form.
Figure 1828
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Figure 1829
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Figure 1830
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Figure 1831
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To increase the current capability of an IC regulator an external pass transistor can be used.
IC Regulators
Figure 1833
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A current limiting circuit similar to the one discussed earlier can be used to protect the external pass transistor.
IC Regulators
Figure 1835
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Figure 1836
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Figure 1837
A constant-current source of 1 A.
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Figure 1838
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Figure 1839
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Summary
Voltage regulators keep a constant dc output despite input voltage or load changes. The two basic categories of voltage regulators are linear and switching. The two types of linear voltage regulators are series and shunt. The three types of switching are step-up, step-down, and inverting.
Switching regulators are more efficient than linear making them ideal for low voltage high current applications.
Summary
IC regulators are available with fixed positive or negative output voltages or variable negative or positive output voltages. Both linear and switching type regulators are available in IC form.
Current capacity of a voltage regulator can be increased with an external pass transistor.
Figure 1840
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Figure 1841
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Figure 1842
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Figure 1843
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Figure 1844
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Figure 1845 Multisim file circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to figure numbers (e.g., F1845).
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Figure 1846
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Figure 1847
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Figure 1848
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Figure 1849
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Figure 1850
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Figure 1851
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Figure 1852
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Figure 1853
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