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These multiple choice questions are similar to the ones set by the GCSE and IGCSE Examination Boards except that, in some cases, there may be more than one acceptable answer For this reason, even if you select a correct answer at your first attempt, it is worth looking at all the alternatives (a) to see if there is a better answer and (b) to see why some of the alternatives are unacceptable Question 1
Question 1
A thrush, a snail, a cabbage and a sparrow hawk are all part of a food chain. Which of them is a primary (or first order) consumer? (a) The cabbage (b) The snail (c) The sparrow hawk (d) The thrush Question 2
No
The cabbage is the producer at the beginning of the food chain
Yes
The snail is the primary (first order) consumer. It eats the cabbage leaves
No
The sparrow hawk is a tertiary (third order) consumer at the end of the food chain. It is a predator of the thrush
No
The thrush is the secondary (second order) consumer. It eats the snail and is itself eaten by the sparrow hawk
Question 2
In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria in root nodules of leguminous plants can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. These bacteria are called (a) nitrifying bacteria (b) denitrifying bacteria (c) nitrite bacteria (d) nitrogen-fixing bacteria Question 3
No
Although the bacteria in root nodules ultimately increase the nitrogen content of the soil, the term nitrifying bacteria applies mainly to bacteria living freely in the soil. These bacteria cannot use atmospheric nitrogen.
No
Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrates in the soil into atmospheric nitrogen.
No
Nitrite bacteria live freely in the soil and convert ammonium ions into nitrates. They cannot use atmospheric nitrogen
Yes
The nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium spp) live mainly in root nodules of leguminous plants. They convert nitrogen (from the air in the soil) into nitrates, which are eventually incorporated into amino acids by the plant.
Question 3
The diagram represents a natural recycling process
sunlight
CONSUMERS
eaten
die
die
PRODUCERS
A
minerals and salts
SOIL
What is missing at A? (a) Animals (b) Plants (c) Decomposers (d) Bacteria
decay
Question 4
No
Animals are the consumers
No
Plants are the producers
Yes
The decomposers, (mainly bacteria and fungi) break down the dead remains of organisms and release their products into the soil
No
Some bacteria are important decomposers, but there are many species of bacteria which are not decomposers. Also, there are many fungi which play a part in decay.
Question 4
In a food chain, the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next .
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) stays the same
No
The organisms at any trophic level will be using part of their resources to produce energy, so there will be less to pass to the next level
Yes
The organisms at any trophic level will be using part of their resources to produce energy, so there will be less to pass to the next level
No
The organisms at any trophic level will be using part of their resources to produce energy, so there will be less to pass to the next level
No
The amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next may vary but there is always a decrease
Question 5
population
The graph shows the sigmoid curve for population growth.
At C (a) the death rate exceeds the reproduction rate (b) the reproduction rate exceeds the death rate
(c) the death rate and reproduction rates are the same (d) the death rate and reproduction rate decrease equally
time
Question 6
No
If the death rate exceeds the reproduction rate, the population will decrease
No
If the reproduction rate exceeds the death rate, the population will continue to grow
Yes
If organisms die at the same rate as they are created, the population will be stable
Yes
If fewer organisms are created, but the death rate decreases at the same rate, the population will stay the same but the point of stability will be reached at a lower population level
Question 6
What is the source of energy on which nearly all living organisms ultimately depend? (a) Photosynthesis (b) Respiration (c) Combustion (d) Sunlight Question 7
No
Nearly all living organisms depend directly or indirectly on photosynthesis by plants for their energy supply. But this is not the ultimate source of energy
No
Respiration is the way in which most living organisms derive energy from their food but it is not the ultimate source of energy
No
Combustion is a source of energy for many processes but not for living organisms
Yes
The process of photosynthesis in green plants uses energy from sunlight for making food. The energy from this food is used by nearly all living organisms either by eating plants or eating each other
Question 7
Which of the following gases are the cause of acid rain? (a) Carbon dioxide
No
Carbon dioxide does dissolve in rain to form a weak solution of carbonic acid (H2CO3) but this is normal and does not contribute to what is known as acid rain. However, it is thought to be making the ocean more acid and this is a cause for concern
No
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas but does not contribute to acid rain
Yes
Oxides of nitrogen dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid which is very harmful to lakes and land plants
Yes
Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to form, eventually, sulphuric acid. This damages lakes and land plants
Question 8
Acute shortage of oxygen in lakes and rivers is caused by (a) eutrophication
No
Eutrophication refers to a high level of nutrients in a body of water. It may cause excessive algal growth but is not a direct cause of oxygen depletion
Yes
The oxygen demand of an excess of decomposing plant material, e.g. algae, is the immediate cause of the reduction in the oxygen content of the water in lakes and rivers. The excess of plant material is the result of eutrophication
No
Eutrophication results from high levels of nitrate and phosphate in the water. But although this encourages excessive algal growth it does not inevitably lead to oxygen depletion.
No
The excessive growth of algae is not itself a cause of oxygen depletion.
Question 9
Which of the following processes make no net contribution of carbon dioxide to the Earths atmosphere? (a) Growing crops
Yes
The growing crops are photosynthesising and removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Yes
The carbon in wood comes from the carbon dioxide absorbed by the tree in the course of photosynthesis. When the wood is burned, the amount of carbon dioxide released is the same as that taken in by photosynthesis
No
The carbon in coal comes from trees which were fossilized about 300 million years ago. So the carbon dioxide released from burning coal adds to the present day carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
No
Respiration in cattle produces carbon dioxide which is added to the atmosphere
Question 10
For the conservation of animals, the most important step is (a) reduction in the use of pesticides
No
Reduction in the use of pesticides certainly helps to conserve, for example, insect species and the organisms which feed on them (e.g. birds) but it affects only a limited range of animals
Yes
This is the most important step. If an animals habitat is destroyed, it is unlikely to survive
No
Suppression of hunting helps to conserve a number of species, such as the rhinoceros, but many animal populations are not threatened by hunting
No
Captive breeding may help conserve animals threatened with extinction but if their habitat has been destroyed they cannot usually be released
End of questions
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