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a.
b. c. d.
Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Pulmonary stenosis Overriding aorta
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
TOF
Dyspnea is relieved by squatting Paroxysmal hypercyanotic attacks (hypoxic, blue, or tet spells
Place infant on the abdomen in knee chest position Oxygen Morphine sq not in excess of 0.2mg/k NaHCO3 if spell is unusually severe Other meds: IV phenylephrine, propranolol
Systolic thrill and murmur On CXR- boot or wooden shoe (coeur en sabot) Blalock-Taussig shunt (subclavian and ipsilateral PA) and Gore-Tex interposition shunt TAPVR - Snowman appearance
2. A 6-MONTH OLD BABY WAS BROUGHT TO THE ER BECAUSE OF DOB. ON PE, SHE WAS TACHYPNEIC,, WITH RALES AND NOTE OF A GR 3/6 HOLOSYSTOLIC MURMUR ON THE LLSB. CXR SHOWED CONGESTION AND CARDIOMEGALY LV FORM. ABG SHOWED PO2 OF 175 OFF OXYGEN. THE MOST LIKELY CARDIAC LESION IS:
a. b.
c.
d.
Pulmonary stenosis Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Transposition of the great arteries
RECALL
Congenital Heart Diseases Acyanotic vs Cyanotic Acyanotic Increased volume load L R shunting (ASD, VSD, PDA, AV septal defects) Increased pressure load Normal blood flow is obstructed (pulmonic stenosis, etc) Cyanotic Decreased pulmonary blood flow Obstruction and a shunt (ex. TOF) Increased pulmonary blood flow Not associated with obstruction but with abnormal mixing of systemic venous and pulmonary venous blood ( ex TGA)
RECALL
No cyanosis (+) congestion Increased volume load decreased pulmonary compliance increased work of breathing Acyanotic CHD with increased volume load VSD
CHEST X- Ray
EKG (15 lead)
Functional closure occurs by constriction of the medial smooth muscles in the ductus : occurs 10 15 hours after birth Anatomic closure completed in 2-3 weeks of life by permanent changes in the endothelium and subintimal layers of the ductus
Oxygen - strongest stimulus for constriction of smooth muscles Decrease Prostaglandin E2 levels Responsiveness of the ductal smooth muscle to oxygen for closure depends on :
gestational age of the newborn does not depend on the lack of smooth muscle development
Drug Therapy
Diuretics (rapid acting like furo) Digitalis glycosides (Digoxin) Other Inotropic agents (Dopamine) Afterload reducing agents (hydralazine, nitroglycerine, captopril, enalapril, nitroprusside)
4. A 10 YEAR OLD WENT TO YOU FOR CONSULT DUE TO DIFFICULTY IN WALKING. ON PE, YOU NOTE THAT HE IS ALMOST PULSELESS. YOU SUSPECT:
a. b. c. d.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Takayasu Arteritis Panarteritis nodosa Systemic lupus erythematosus
CLUE: PULSELESSNESS
Differentials
Vasculitis syndromes
Vasculitis syndromes
HSP, Takayasu arteritis, PAN Takayasu involves large arteries, pulseless disease PAN- small to medium sized arteries, presents with fever Difficulty in walking could be due to arthritis
JONES CRITERIA
5 major
Carditis, polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules, chorea Chorea may occur as the only manifestation of acute RF
4 minor
b.
c. d.
Obstructive sleep apnea due to hypertrophic adenoids and tonsils Severe rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease manifestation To rule out tumor 5 infections in each of the last 2 years for chronic tonsillitis patients
8. A PX COMES IN WITH TRISMUS, DIFFICULTY OF SWALLOWING AND HOT POTATO VOICE. YOUR DX IS
a.
b. c. d.
NECK ABSCESSES
Common in young children 3-4 years old or younger Fever , irritability, decreased oral intake and drooling Bulging posterior pharyngeal wall polymicrobial
Relatively common Older child, adolescent Sore throat, fever, trismus, dysphagia Asymmetric tonsillar bulge with displaced uvula hot potato voice
Peritonsillar cellulitis/abscess
CROUP VS EPIGLOTITIS
Croup viral (parainfluenza),; low grade fever, non toxic; no distress; responds to racemic epinephrine and dexamethasone ; steeple sign Epiglotitis- bacterial (H influenza); life-threatening; high fever, drooling, toxic child, acute onset; sitting forward; critical airway; thumb sign
9. A LANKY TEENAGER WENT TO THE ER DUE TO SUDDEN ONSET DYSPNEA. HE HAS RETRACTIONS AND DECREASED BREATH SOUNDS OVER THE INVOLVED AREA; AND ON CXR THERE IS A MEDIASTINAL SHIFT TOWARDS THE UNINVOLVED SIDE. THE MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS IS
a. b. c. d.
PNEUMOTHORAX
Accumulation of extrapulmonary air within the chest Primary vs secondary Spontaneous, traumatic, iatrogenic or catamenial Spontaneous pneumothorax common among young adults and teenagers who are tall and thin On CXR evidence of tension includes shift of mediastinal structures away from the side of the air leak Treatment Small (<5%) or moderate resolves (1 week) 100% oxygen hastens resolution Analgesics Chest tube drainage Chemical pleurodesis (talc, doxycycline, iodopovidone)
b.
c. d.
Rapidly progressive respiratory obstruction Etiologic agent: Haemophilus influenza b A medical emergency All of the above
EPIGLOTITIS
bacterial (H influenza) life-threatening high fever, drooling, toxic child acute onset sitting forward critical airway thumb sign
11. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INFECTIONS PRESENT AS PHARYNGEAL INJECTION, WITH TONSILLAR MEMBRANE AND BULL NECK APPEARANCE?
a. b. c. d.
SALMONELLOSIS
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
Acute enteritis, bacteremia, extraintestinal focal infections Tx: antibiotics for bacteremia and extra intestinal infections (ceftriaxone) For acute enteritis: no antibiotics, only for infants <3 mos, malnourished, immunocompromised
b.
c. d.
Below age 5 years with BCG > 5 mm 5 years and above: > 5 mm 7 years and above : > 10 mm 7 years and above : > 12 mm
Mantoux test
5 TU PPD-S read at 48-72 hrs Induration of >5mm is considered positive in the presence of any of the following: history of a close contact with a known or suspected infectious case of TB, clinical findings suggestive of TB, cxr suggestive of TB and immunocompromised condition Otherwise, >10mm is considered positive
POSITIVE PPD
INDURATION > 5 MM
Close contacts of TB pxs, immunocompromised, those with clinical and radio findings
Infants and children <4 yrs, those with underlying medical conditions, frequently exposed to high risk adults > 4yrs old with no risk factors
INDURATION > 10 MM
INDURATION > 15 MM
14. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ANTITUBERCULOSIS MEDICATIONS IS CONTRAINDICATED FOR CHILDREN BELOW 7 YEARS OLD?
a. b.
c.
d.
Exposure to an adult/adolescent with active TB disease Signs and symptoms suggestive of TB Positive tuberculin test Abnormal chest radiograph suggestive of TB Other lab finings suggestive of TB (histological, cytological, biochemical, etc)
Mantoux test
5 TU PPD-S read at 48-72 hrs Induration of >5mm is considered positive in the presence of any of the following: history of a close contact with a known or suspected infectious case of TB, clinical findings suggestive of TB, cxr suggestive of TB and immunocompromised condition Otherwise, >10mm is considered positive
Clinical Forms of TB
Pulmonary/Intrathoracic TB
Primary Disease Progressive primary disease Pleurisy with effusion Endobronchial Tb chronic pulmonary TB Miliary TB Tuberculoma Pericardial TB Scrofula, TB adenitis, CNS TB, etc
Extrapulmonary/Extrathoracic
Management of TB
Intensive Phase (2 mos) Continuation Phase (4 mos) DOTS : decrease the risk of infection, reduce morbidity and the transmission of infection, prevent TB deaths Anti TB drugs
INH: 10-15mkd Rifampicin: 10-20mkd Pyrazinamide: 20-40mkd Streptomycin: 20-40mkd Ethambutol: 15-25
ANTI TB MEDS
Isoniazid
Peripheral neuritis and hepatotoxicity Orange discoloration of urine and tears, thrombocytopenia and influenza like syndrome hyperuricemia Hearing loss
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Streptomycin
Ethambutol
Optic neuritis and red-green color blindness Not recommended for use in children
15. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING VIRAL INFECTIONS PRESENTS WITH HIGH FEVER WHICH ABRUPTLY LYSES AND DISCRETE PINK, RAISED , NON-PRURITIC RASH ON THE TRUNK WHICH SPREADS TO THE NECK, FACE AND PROXIMAL EXTREMITIES?
a. b. c. d.
ROSEOLA INFANTUM
Exanthem subitum or 6th disease Recall: 1st measles, 2nd scarlet, 3rd rubella, 4th atypical scarlet( Filatov-Dukes), 5th erythema infectiosum Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 ( more of 6) Nagayama spots ulcers at the uvulopalatoglossal junction Primary HHV 6 infxn 1/3 of febrile seizure cases
d.
Aedes aegypti
Flight range: < 25 m in open, urban environmt Dispersal: 30-50 m/d Visits not more than 2-3 houses Remains infective during lifetime High humidity, longer mosquito survival Ave lifespan: 8-15 d
c.
d.
MALARIA
P. falcifarum is the most severe form and is associated with more intense parasitemia P. Vivax less severe; ruptured spleen P. malariae is the mildest and most chronic P. Vivax and P. Ovale daily fever spikes P. Malariae every other or third day fever spikes Periodicity of fever- less apparent in falciparum Tx; chloroquine; for chloroquine resistance- quinine Blackwater fever, algid malaria
18. DRUG OF CHOICE FOR PREVENTION OF RELAPSES OF P. VIVAX AND P. OVALE INFECTION
a. b.
c.
d.
RELAPSE
Common
malariae Caused by release of merozoites from an exoerythrocytic source in the liver (vivax an ovale) or persistence within the erythrocyte (malariae) Primaquine OD x 14 days
19. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INFESTATIONS IS NOT DETECTED BY DIRECT FECAL SMEAR?
a. b.
c.
d.
HELMINTHIC DISEASES
Direct
fecal exam Ascaris, hookworms, trichuriasis, strongyloides, diphyllobotriasis Microscopic exam of cellophane tape enterobius Demonstration in the blood - filariasis Stool exam by Kato thick smear schistosomiasis
d.
21. WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD?
a. b. c. d.
Acute leukemia Iron deficiency anemia Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Hereditary spherocytosis
22. IN PHYSIOLOGIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY, HEMOGLOBIN DECLINES AT ____ WEEKS FOR TERM INFANTS
a. b.
c.
d.
23. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRODUCES PERIPHERAL PANCYTOPENIA WITH HYPOPLASTIC MARROW?
a. b. c.
d.
Acute leukemia Iron deficiency anemia Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Aplastic anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Hallmark is peripheral pancytopenia, coupled with hypoplastic or aplastic bone marrow Severe aplastic anemia 2 or more cell components have become seriously compromised (ANC < 500/mm3, PC 20,000-100,000/mm3, retic count <1% after correction for hematocrit) Moderate aplastic anemia ANC 500 -1,500/mm3, PC 20,000 -100,000 and retic count <1%
24. MOST COMMON EXTRACRANIAL TUMOR OF CHILDHOOD, MOST FREQUENTLY DIAGNOSED DURING INFANCY, AND MOSTLY ARISING FROM THE ABDOMEN
a. b. c.
d.
Neuroblastoma
Most common extracranial solid tumor in children and the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in infants Embryonal cancer of the peripheral SNS Median age of dx is 2 yr; 90% before 5 yr Most cases arise in the abdomen CT scan: calcification and hemorrhage Tumor markers: VMA and HVA Also known as Nephroblastoma Most common primary malignant renal tumor of childhood; 2nd most common malignant abdominal tumor in childhood 3 elements: blastema, epithelia and stroma Associated with hemihypertrophy, aniridia, and other congenital anomalies (WAGR, Denys-Drash, Beckwith-Wiedemann) Occurs in children between 2-5 years old CT: no calcification
Wilms Tumor
25. A 15-YEAR OLD CONSULTED FOR ARM SWELLING AND PAIN. X-RAY SHOWED SCLEROTIC DESTRUCTION OF THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS WITH SUNBURST PATTERN. THE MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS IS
a. b. c.
d.
Bone Tumors
Osteosarcoma Second decade All races 1.5:1 Spindle cell Retinoblastoma, Pagets Metaphyses of long bones Local pain & swelling Sunburst pattern Lungs, bones Chemotherapy Without mets: 70% cured With mets: < 20% survival Ewings Second decade Primarily whites 1.5:1 Small round cell None Diaphyses, flat bones Local pain &swelling Onion skinning Lungs, bones Chemotherapy W/o mets: 60% cured With mets: 20-30% survival
Feature Age Race Sex (M:F) Cell Predisposition Site Presentation Radiographic finding Metastasis Tx Outcome
26. DEFICIENCY IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS WILL YOU NEED TO GIVE VITAMIN K?
a.
b. c. d.
Factors II, V, VII, IX Factors V, VIII, IX, X, XI Factors II, VII, IX, X Factors II, VIII, IX, X
27. A NEWBORN PRESENTED WITH BLUEBERRY MUFFIN RASH, CATARACTS, PULMONARY STENOSIS AND HEARING LOSS. YOU SUSPECT THAT THE BABY HAS
a. b. c.
d.
Congenital varicella syndrome Neonatal herpes syndrome Congenital syphillis Congenital rubella syndrome
CONGENITAL INFECTIONS
Congenital Syphilis
Early and late signs Early snuffles; late Hutchinsons teeth, saber shins, olympian brow
Congenital varicella malformations of the extremities with cicatricial scarring Congenital rubella cataracts, heart defects, deafness, blueberry muffin lesions (same as in CMV) Neonatal herpes
b.
c. d.
Congenital
Disease)
Most common cause of lower intestinal obstruction in neonates Caused by abnormal innervation of the bowel (absence of ganglion cells), beginning in the internal anal sphincter and extending proximally to involve a variable length of gut Symptoms usually begin at birth with the delayed passage of meconium (In 99% of full term infants, meconium is passed within the first 48 hours) Rectal exam demonstrates normal anal tone and is usually followed by an explosive discharge of foul smelling feces and gas Rectal manometry and rectal suction biopsy Barium enema is useful in determining the extent of aganglionosis Definitive treatment is operative intervention
29. PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY IS DEFINED AS ONSET OF PUBERTY BEFORE AGE 8 IN GIRLS AND __ IN BOYS
a.
b. c. d.
8 9 10 11
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
Onset
of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age in girls and 9 years in boys Conditions causing precocious puberty Gonadotropin dependent puberty Combined gonadotropin dependent and independent (ex. McCune Albright) Gonadotropin independent Incomplete
30. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HORMONES IS NOT FOUND IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
a. b.
c.
d.
PITUITARY HORMONES
Anterior
Pituitary GH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, POMC Posterior Pituitary Vasopressin and oxytocin
31. A 12 YEAR OLD MALE WAS BROUGHT IN FOR DEHYDRATION. HE HAS BEEN POLYURIC AND POLYDIPSIC FOR QUITE SOME TIME. HE HAS LOW URINE AND SERUM OSMOLALITY, AND HYPERNATREMIA. YOU SUSPECT DIABETES INSIPIDUS. TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CENTRAL AND NEPHROGENIC ORIGIN, YOU DO:
a. b. c. d.
Insulin challenge test DDAVP test Erythropoietin test Beta agonist challenge
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Polyuria, polydipsia (exceeding 2L/m2/24hr), hypernatremia Serum osmolality >300 mOsm/kg and urine osmolality <300 mOsm/kg Central vs nephrogenic Central DI
Genetic mutations to the vasopressin gene, trauma to vasopressin neurons, congenital malformations of the hypothalamus or pituitary, neoplasms, infections, autoimmune diseases, inc vasopressin metabolism
Nephrogenic DI
Vasopressin insensitive Genetic (less common but more severe) or acquired causes
DIABETES MELLITUS
Somogyi phenomenon
Theoretical rebound from late night or early morning hypoglycemia Exaggerated counterregulatory response rare
Dawn phenomenon
Due to overnight GH secretion and inc insulin clearance Usually recurrent and modestly elevates morning levels
Brittle diabetes
Unexplained wide fluctuations in glucose levels Usually an adolescent female with recurrent DKA taking large doses of insulin
Chest x-ray Lumbar tap Serum T3, T4, TSH Serum Na, K, Ca
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Most common cause is thyroid dysgenesis (8085%); 15% - inborn error of thyroxine synthesis Detected by newborn screening F>M May be normal at birth (but head size may be slightly increased due to myxedema of the brain) Prolongation of physiologic jaundice earliest sign Other findings: feeding difficulties, sluggishness, lack of interest, somnolence, choking spells during nursing, constipation, large abdomen, umbilical hernia Low serum T4 and elevated TSH levels Tx: levothyroxine
34. YOUR ADOLESCENT NIECE TALKS TO YOU ABOUT HER HEIGHT. SHE IS VERY TALL (90TH PERCENTILE), AND ASKS IF THERE IS SOMETHING WRONG WITH HER. HER PARENTS AND SIBLINGS ARE ALL TALL, AND SHE IS IN EXCELLENT HEALTH. WHAT WILL YOU DO?
a. b.
c.
d.
Assure her that she is normal Have x-rays done to check her epiphysis Get her growth hormone levels Have her undergo cranial CT scan
b.
c. d.
High leucine, isoleucine and valine levels and low alanine levels High isovaleric acid, isovaleryglycerine and hydroxyvaleric acid levels High methylmalonyl acid levels High glutamine and alanine levels
Glutaric Acidemia (Type III) Hawkinsinuria Isovaleric Acidemia Maple Syrup Urine Disease Hypermethioninemia Multiple carboxylase deficiency Phenylketonuria Trimethylaminuria Tyrosinemia
Sweaty feet, Acrid Swimming pool Sweaty feet, Acrid Maple syrup Boiled cabbage Tomcat urine Mousy or musty Rotting fish Boiled cabbage, rancid butter
Peculiar odor of maple syrup Elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (ILV)
Treatment
Aim: rapid removal of branched chain amino acids and their metabolites Diet Hydration Dialysis
36. A NEWBORN WAS BROUGHT TO THE ER FOR SEIZURES. SHE WAS BORN AT HOME AND A SHARPENED BAMBOO STICK WAS USED TO CUT THE CORD. THE MOTHER DID NOT HAVE PRENATAL CHECK-UP AND HER IMMUNIZATION STATUS WAS UNKNOWN. YOUR DIAGNOSIS IS NEONATAL TETANUS. THE DRUG OF CHOICE IS a. Penicillin b. Metronidazole c. Ceftriaxone d. Chloramphenicol
NEONATAL TETANUS
Most common form of tetanus An acute spastic paralytic illness caused by the neurotoxin (tatanospasmin) produced by Clostridium tetani Tetanospasmin 2nd most poisonous substance known (surpassed in potency only by the botulinum toxin) Manifestations
In infants progressive difficulty in feeding, associated hunger and crying In older children- trismus (masseter muscle spasm or lockjaw), sardonic smile ( intractable spasms of the facial and buccal muscles)
Treatment
Human Tetanus Ig Penicillin G antibiotic of choice; alternatives: metronidazole, erythromycin, Tetracycline Surgery
b.
c. d.
Postinfectious polyneuropathy involving mainly motor but sometimes also sensory and autonomic nerves Usually follows a nonspecific viral infection Weakness begins in the lower extremities and progressively involves the trunk, the upper limbs, and finally the bulbar muscles (a pattern known as Landry ascending paralysis) Proximal and distal muscles are involved relatively symmetrically CSF protein is elevated to more than 2x the upper limit of normal Dissociation between high CSF protein and a lack of cellular response is diagnostic Treatment: IVIG Alternative Tx: Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drugs
d.
Categories
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma MOST COMMON Medulloblastoma Diffuse astrocytoma Ependymoma craniopharyngioma
Location
Infratentorial (43.2%) Supratentorial (40.9%) Spinal cord (4.9%) Multiple sites (11%)
Important!
Within the 1st year supratentorial 1-10 yr infratentorial Cranial exposure to ionizing radiation inc incidence
39. A NEWBORN IS SUSPECTED TO HAVE SEPSIS. LUMBAR TAP WAS DONE AS PART OF THE WORK-UP. CSF STUDIES SHOWED RBC=0, WBC 10/MM2, PROTEIN 10 MG/DL, GLUCOSE 60% OF SERUM GLUCOSE. THE PATIENT HAS:
a. b. c. d.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
LP: L3-L4 or L4-L5 OP: 100 mm/Hg ( 60-180) Contraindications Elevated ICP s/sx of pending cerebral herniation Critical illness Skin infection at the site Thrombocytopenia (<20 x 109) Normal CSF Clear, wbc up to 5 (for NB up to15), no rbcs, protein 10-40 mg/dl (120 in a neonate), glucose 60%
40. CRANIAL CT SCAN OF A CHILD WITH MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES SHOWED ABSENCE OF CONVOLUTIONS. THIS IS KNOWN AS
a. b. c. d.
41. YOUR FRIEND TELLS YOU THAT HIS CHILD WAKES UP AROUND MIDNIGHT SCREAMING AND HYPERVENTILATING. THE CHILD GOES BACK TO SLEEP IN A FEW MINUTES, AND ACTS AS IF NOTHING HAPPENED IN THE MORNING. THE DIAGNOSIS IS
a.
b. c. d.
Common and usually involve vivid, scary or exciting events which the child can recall upon waking up Night terrors Less common Last 10-15 minutes, during which the child is not easily aroused and appears frightened or agitated No recollection of the event
42. A CHILD COMPLAINS OF INTENSE PRURITUS OF THE SKIN, PARTICULARLY AT NIGHT. THERE ARE EXCORIATED, CRUSTING, AND SCALING PAPULES ON THE TRUNK, PARTICULARLY THE WAIST AREA, THE INTERDIGITAL SPACES AND FLEXOR AREAS. THE TREATMENT OF CHOICE IS
a. b. c. d.
SCABIES
Caused by burrowing and release of toxic and antigenic substances by the female mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis Most important factor that determines spread of scabies is the extent and duration of physical contact with an affected individual Intense pruritus particularly at night Threadlike burrows- classic lessions Treatment: Permethrin 5% Additional therapies: Lindane 1% lotion or cream and oral ivermectin
c.
d.
MOS 30 g/day 2-6 MOS 20 g/day 6-9 MOS 15 g/day 9-12 MOS 12 g/day
d.
Upper central incisors Lower central incisors Upper lateral incisors cuspids
AGES (MOS)
Maxillary
AGES (MOS)
Mandibular
6-8
8-11 16-20 10-16 20-30
5-7
7-10 16-20 10-16 20-30
d.
2 3 4 5
Preschool Years
Between 2 and 5 years old Emergence of language and exposure of children to an expanding social sphere Handedness is usually established at 3 y/o Bowel and bladder control; bedwetting up to age 4 in girls and 5 years in boys Piagets preoperational stage: magical thinking, egocentrism and thinking that is dominated by perception, not abstraction
d.
ADOLESCENCE
10-20 years old Early, middle and late adolescence Rapid changes in body size, shape, physiology, and psychological and social functioning In boys: testicular enlargement In girls: appearance of breast buds
47. A 3-YEAR OLD WAS BROUGHT TO YOU FOR EVALUATION OF DELAYED SPEECH. THE CHILD HAS REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR, NO EYE CONTACT, ALONE. HE IS SUSPECTED TO HAVE
a.
b.
c. d.
Autism
Develops before 36 months and is typically diagnosable at 18 mos of age Qualitative impairment in verbal and non verbal communication, in imaginative activity and in reciprocal social interactions Males>females Poor eye contact, little symbolic play, repetitive behaviors, limited joint attention or orienting to ones name, and reliance on non verbal communication with delay in use of words
Autism
CHAT- checklist for autism in toddlers Intensive behavioral therapy before 3 yrs old targeted toward speech and language development Educational programming, behavior modification Pharmacotherapy: SSRIs, clonidine
Asperger Disorder no severe language impairments as compared to patients with autism Rett Disorder x-linked dominant disorder affecting girls exclusively; boys die at birth
development is normal until about 1-2 years old until motor and language development regress
d.
Pull to stand Sit without support Walk alone Grasp object with thumb and forefinger
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Dependent on brain maturity Sequence : Gross: cephalocaudal Fine : proximodistal Weakest correlation to IQ
Head control
5
6
Roll over
Sit with support
8
9
Sit alone
Pulls to stand holding on
11
15 24 36
Stand independently
Walk alone Climb up and down stairs Ride a trike
48
Milestones
Grasps rattle Reaches for objects Palmar grasp gone Transfers objects hand to hand Pincer grasp Turns pages of books Scribbles Builds tower of 2 cubes Builds tower of 6 cubes
49. XEROPHTHALMIA, NYCTALOPIA, AND PHOTOPHOBIA ARE CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY IN WHICH VITAMIN?
a. b.
c.
d.
A B C D
VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES
Vitamin A: photophobia, xerophthalmia, blindness Vitamin B: beriberi, fatigue, anorexia, constipation Riboflavin Niacin: pellagra Folacin: megaloblastic anemia Cyanocobalamin: pernicious anemia Biotin: dermatitis, seborrhea Pyridoxine: irritability, convulsions Vitamin C: scurvy and poor wound healing Vitamin D: rickets Vitamin E: red blood cell hemolysis Vitamin K: hemorrhage
50. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MINERAL WILL CAUSE MOTTLING OF THE TEETH WHEN TAKEN IN EXCESS?
a. b.
c.
d.
FLUOROSIS
Mottled enamel Results from systemic fluoride consumption (>0.05mkd) during enamel formation Severe brownish discoloration and hypoplasia also seen with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water >5ppm For prevention of dental caries 1ppm Children < 6y/o : pea sized amount of toothpaste Children < 2 y/o : smear
51. AN EMACIATED CHILD WAS BROUGHT TO THE ER FOR MEDICAL MANAGEMENT. HE HAS WRINKLED LOOSE SKIN, SLIGHTLY DISTENDED ABDOMEN, MUSCLE ATROPHY. HIS FACE LOOKS WIZENED DUE TO LACK OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT. HIS EXTREMITIES ARE COOL, AND TEMP IS SUBNORMAL. THE DIAGNOSIS IS
a.
b.
c. d.
(Kwashiorkor) and Nonedematous (Marasmus) PEM Edematous: edema, psychomotor changes, flag sign, flaky dermatosis, moonface, anemia, diarrhea Marasmus: gross loss of subcutaneous fat, obvious muscle wasting, potbelly, winged scapula Treatment of PEM: 3 phases
First : stabilization, correction of dehydration, antibiotics Second: Diet providing maintenance requirements of protein and energy Third: Recovery diet- 150 cal/kg/d and 4g/kg/d of protein
52. A CHILD WITH HYPOTONIA, SLANTED PALPEBRAL FISSURES, EPICANTHAL FOLD, SIMIAN CREASE, COMPLETE ATRIO-VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT, AND SHORT BROAD HANDS HAS
a. b. c. d.
Hypotonia Upward and slanted palpebral fissures and epicanthic folds Speckled irises (Brushfield spots) Varying degrees of mental and growth retardation Cardiac malformations Simian crease
53. PREMATURE BIRTH IS DEFINED AS LIVE BIRTH BEFORE __ WEEKS FROM THE FIRST DAY OF THE LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD:
a.
b.
c. d.
39 38 37 36
54. VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS WEIGH LESS THAN ____ GMS
a. b. c. d.
IUGR, asphyxia, placental insufficiency, severe congenital malformations, early onset neonatal infections
Neonatal Deaths - associated with preterm birth and low birth weight and lethal congenital anomalies Low Birth Weight
55. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR JAUNDICE IN THE FIRST 24 HOURS OF LIFE, EXCEPT:
a. b.
c.
d.
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Newborns appear jaundiced when the bil level is > 7 mg/dl Physiologic hyperbilirubinemia
Onset > 24 hours Inc RBC production Inc enterohepatic circulation Defective uptake Decreased conjugation Decreased hepatic secretion
Pathologic
Onset < 24 hrs Rise of >0.5 mg/dl/hr >8 days (term), 14 days (preterm) symptomatic
KERNICTERUS
Bilirubin encephalopathy resulting from the deposition of unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin in the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei > 25mg/dl, range: 21-50 Clinical features
Acute
Phase 1: poor suck, hypotonia, seizures Phase 2: hypertonia of extensor muscles, opisthotonos, retrocolis, fever Phase 3: hypertonia
Chronic
1st year : hypotonia, active deep tendon reflexes After 1st year: movement disorders, SNHL, upward gaze
KERNICTERUS
Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia
Phototherapy
Photoisomerization Complication; loose stools, rash, overheating, dehydration, bronze baby syndrome
Competitive enzymatic inhibition of the rate limiting conversion of heme protein to biliverdin by heme oxygenase double volume exchange transfusion
Exchange Transfusion
b.
c. d.
Latent: hematuria, edema Oliguric: edema, hypertension, azotemia, oligoanuria Diuretic: spontaneous voiding, clinical improvement Early convalescent: increased well being
POST-STREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Serochemical findings:
Decreased C3 Elevated ASO or anti DNAse B Hyperkalemia Normal CBC, may have dilutional anemia Elevated BUN and creatinine during the oliguric phase
ACUTE POSTSTREP GN
Acute onset of gross hematuria, edema, hypertension, and renal insufficiency Follows infection of the throat or skin by nephritogenic strains of group A B-hemolytic strep Kidneys are enlarged; on EM there are humps on the GBM Low C3 levels Edema is due to salt and water retention
b.
c. d.
Focal segmental sclerosis Membranous nephropathy Membranoproliferative GN type 1 Minimal change nephrotic syndrome
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Heavy
proteinuria , hypoalbuminemia, edema and hyperlipidemia 90% idiopathic Causes of idiopathic: minimal change disease(85%), mesangial proliferation (5%), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (10%)
59. YOU NOTE THAT A NEWBORN BABY BOYS PREPUCE CANNOT BE RETRACTED. HE HAS
a. b. c.
d.
60. A 3-MONTH OLD BABY WITH UNILATERAL UNDESCENDED TESTIS WAS BROUGHT TO YOU FOR THE FIRST TIME. THE MOTHER ASKS IF SURGERY IS REQUIRED TO BRING IT DOWN. YOU TELL HER THAT YOU WILL OBSERVE FOR THE MEANTIME. HOW LONG WILL YOU OBSERVE?
a. b.
c.
d.
common disorder of sexual differentiation in boys 4.5% of boys at birth Bilateral in 10% of cases Majority descend spontaneously by 3 months If the testis does not descend by 4 months, it will remain undescended
b.
c. d.
Continuous convulsion lasting for 25 minutes Serial convulsions with return of consciousness in between Always generalized A medical emergency
STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Continuous
convulsion lasting longer that 30 minutes Serial convulsions with no return of consciousness in between May be generalized or partial Medical emergency
62. THE FOLLOWING ARE PART OF THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERCYANOTIC SPELLS, EXCEPT:
a. b. c. d.
Knee chest position traps systemic venous blood in the legs thereby temporarily decreasing the systemic venous return and helping calm the baby. This also increases the systemic venous resistance (SVR) by reducing arterial blood flow through the femoral arteries Morphine sulfate suppresses the respiratory center and abolishes hyperpnea NaHCO3 corrects acidosis and eliminates the respiratory center-stimulating effects of acidosis Administration of oxygen may improve arterial oxygen saturation a little Vasoconstrictors such as phenylephrine raise SVR Ketamine increases SVR and sedates the patient Propranolol
63. HOW WILL YOU MANAGE A PATIENT WITH ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA WHO HAS BEEN TREATED WITH AMOXICILLIN AT 50 MKD FOR 3 DAYS, BUT STILL HAS FEVER, EAR PAIN AND EAR DISCHARGE? THE PATIENT HAS NOT BEEN TREATED WITH ANY OTHER ANTIBIOTIC PRIOR TO THIS EPISODE?
a. b.
c.
d.
Continue his medication Do tympanocentesis Give clindamycin at 40 mkd Increase the amoxicillin dose to 80-90 mkd
65. A MOTHER IS CONCERNED ABOUT HER DAUGHTERS WEIGHT. THE 9 YEAR OLD GIRL WEIGHS 26 KG. NUTRITIONAL HISTORY REVEALS A WELL-BALANCED DIET. WHAT ADVICE WILL YOU GIVE?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Enrol her daughter on a weight loss program Prescribe multivitamins and mineral supplements Assure her that weight for age is normal and continue with her diet Tell her to wait for her menarche and then you will reassess
WEIGHT
6-12 months
Wt. in gms = Age in mos x 500 + BW 2 years and up Wt. in kgs = Age in years x 2 + 8
66. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DISEASES IS PART OF THE NEONATAL NEWBORN SCREENING?
a.
b. c. d.
NEWBORN SCREENING
METABOLIC DISEASES
Aminoacids: PKU, MSUD, Tyrosinemia Lipids: ALD Carbohydrates: Von Gierkes, Pompes, Galactosemia Mucopolysaccharides: Hurlers, Hunters, Sanfilippo Purine and Pyrimidines: Gout, Lesch-Nyhan
Newborn Screening
PKU, CAH, CH, GAL, G6PD Republic Act 9288: Newborn Screening Act of 2004 Done after the 24th HOL and not later than 72 HOL
67. A NEONATE WITH A HEART RATE OVER 100/MIN, SHOW IRREGULAR BREATHING, ACTIVE MOTION, GRIMACE, PINK BODY BUT BLUE EXTREMITIES HAS AN APGAR SCORE OF __ AT 1 MINUTE
a.
b. c. d.
7 8 9 10
PHYSICAL EXAM
APGAR SCORE
Dictates the need to resuscitate Normal: 7- 9 Sign of distress: </= 6 Severe asphyxia: 1-3 5 mins: prolonged distress in utero, some degree of damage, expect neurologic sequelae 10 mins: if still< 7, continue taking APGAR until >7 is REACHED!!!
Some flexion of Active motion extremities Grimace Cough or sneeze Completely pink
Blue, pale
HYPERKALEMIA Most important effects are due to the role of K in membrane polarization Peaked T waves , ST segment depression, increased PR interval, flattening of the P wave and widened QRS complex Can lead to ventricular fibrillation Paresthesias, fasciculations, weakness and even an ascending paralysis Cardiac toxicity precedes all these symptoms
HYPOKALEMIA Common in children with most cases related to gastroenteritis Clinical Manifestations
Heart and skeletal muscles are vulnerable ECG shows flattened T waves, depressed ST segment, and the appearance of a U wave Muscle weakness and cramps Paralysis if <2.5meqL Poluria and polydipsia
69. YOU DIAGNOSE AN 8-YEAR OLD BOY AS HAVING ADRENOLEUKOYSTROPHY WITH MILD CEREBRAL INVOLVEMENT. WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE THERAPY FOR HIM?
a.
b.
c. d.
ALD
X-linked
Accumulation
of unbranched saturated VLCFA Treatment Corticosteroid BMT benefits those with neurologic disability Lorenzos oil Baclofen- for spasms
70. A CHILD WITH UNEXPLAINED BONE PAIN, EASY BRUISABILITY, AND HEPATOMEGALY WAS SUSPECTED TO HAVE LIPID STORAGE DISEASE. ENZYME ASSAY OF CULTURED FIBROBLASTS SHOWED DEFECTS IN B-GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITY. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DISEASES DOES HE HAVE?
a.
b.
c. d.
LIPIDOSES
Disorder Enzyme defect
Gaucher
B glucosidase
Niemann-Pick
Acid sphingomyelinase
Tay-Sachs
B hexoseaminidase
Sandhoff
B hexoseaminidase
b.
c.
d.
Fear of not being able to stop eating Refusal to maintain body weight over a minimal weight for age and height Absence of at least 2 consecutive expected menstrual cycles Self evaluation is not influenced by weight and height
Anorexia
Intense fear of becoming obese, which does not diminish as weight loss progresses Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight, size or shape is experienced Refusal to maintain BW over a minimal normal weight for age and height Absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles
Bulimia
Recurrent episodes of binge eating Fear of not being able to stop eating Self induced vomiting Minimum average of 2 binge eating per week x 3 mos Self evaluation is unduly influenced by boy weight and shape
72.A TEENAGE GIRL WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS IS COMPLAINING OF PAINFUL CRAMPS DURING MENSES. SHE HAS
a. b. c. d.
Dysmenorrhea Absence of any specific pelvic pathologic condition Most common Prostaglandins F2 and E2 Secondary dysmenorrhea Results from an underlying structural abnormality of the cervix or uterus, a foreign body , endometriosis or endometritis
d.
ANAPHYLAXIS A serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death Pathologic features acue pulmonary hyperinflation, pulmonary edema, intra alveolar hemorrhaging, visceral congestion, laryngeal edema and urticaria and angioedema Activation of mast cells and basophils via cell bound allergen specific IgE molecules Treatment: IM or IV epinephrine
d.
75. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MARKERS TELLS YOU THAT YOUR PATIENT WITH HEPATITIS B IS HIGHLY INFECTIVE?
a. b. c. d.
HEPATITIS B MARKERS
first marker to appear; its rise coincide with appearance of symptoms HBeAg present during acute phase and indicates a highly infectious state Anti-HBcAg IgM rises early after infection Most valuable single serolologic marker of acute HBV infection Anti-HBc IgG replaces IgM Anti HBsAg present among immunized persons
HBsAg
b.
c.
d.
77. A 1 YEAR OLD CHILD WITH MEASLES MUST BE GIVEN VIT A. WHICH IS THE CORRECT DOSE?
a.
b. c. d.
VITAMIN A IN MEASLES
Reduces
d.
6 8 9 11 15 24
36 48
Sit with support Sit alone Pulls to stand holding on Stand independently Walk alone Climb up and down stairs
Ride a trike Hop on one foot
8
10 12
4
5 6
Repeats 3-word sentence Speech 100% intelligible Uses past tense of eat, run, go Gives word for definition
c.
d.
Maternal viral illness Antibiotic treatment of a child Fever (temperature of 37.8C) None of the above
Rise in arterial pO2 Closure of the ductus arteriosus Increase in pulmonary blood flow Decrease in tortuosity of the pulmonary vasculature
O2
content
81. AN 18-YEAR OLD GIRL WITH PRIMARY AMENORRHEA, SHORT STATURE, WEBBED NECK AND COARCTATION OF THE AORTA CONSULTS AT YOUR CLINIC. THE MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS IS:
a.
b. c. d.
TURNER SYNDROME
Incidence: 1 /4000 Complete or partial absence of the x chromosome 45x Findings
d.
Papilledema Gaping wound at L2-L5 area Pending cerebral herniation Platelet count of 100 x 109 /L
83. A PATIENT WITH HEMOPHILIA B IS BLEEDING PROFUSELY. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WILL YOU TRANSFUSE
a. b. c.
d.
Most common hereditary bleeding disorder Sx of mucocutaneous bleeding Inc BT, PTT, normal PC
Liver Disease
Clotting factors produced in the liver except VIII Treatment consists of replacement with FFP or cryoprecipitate
d.
CLOSURE OF SHUNTS
Foramen
ovale Functionally closed by the 3rd month Dustus arteriosus Functional closure by the 10-15th HOL
d.
86. WHICH IS THE DRUG OF CHOICE FOR PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF FEBRILE SEIZURES?
a. b.
c.
d.
FEBRILE SEIZURES
6 mos 60 mos Rare before 9 mos and after 5 years old Rapid increase in temperature (>39C) r/o CNS infection or metabolic causes Usually generalized, tonic-clonic and lasts for a few seconds Simple vs complex (>15 min, repeated convulsions, focal findings) LP, EEG, imaging procedures Anticonvulsants and Diazepam?
87. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRITIS AND PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE?
a. b.
c.
d.
88. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN INDICATION FOR PACKED RBC TRANSFUSION IN CHILDREN?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Acute blood loss of 15% of total blood volume Hemoglobin of 11 mg/dl preoperatively Hemoglobin of 9 mg/dl but asymptomatic Hemoglobin of 10 mg/dl in congestive heart failure
loss > 25% of circulating blood volume Hgb < 8 g/dl in perioperative period Hgb <13 g/dl and severe cardiopulmonary disease Hgb <8 g/dl and symptomatic chronic anemia Hgb < 8 g/dl and marrow failure
89. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING VALUES TELLS YOU THAT A CHILD HAS SEVERE MALNUTRITION BASED ON WATERLOWE CLASSIFICATION?
a.
b.
c. d.
d.
POISONING
Acetaminophen
Acute toxic dose: 200mg/k Tx: N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
Salicylates
150mg/k Gastric decontamination, hydration, urinary excretion, Dialysis
Iron
>60 mg/k of elemental iron Deferoxamine
92. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A DIAGNOSTIC ABDOMINAL X-RAY FINDING OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS?
a. b. c. d.
Air fluid levels in the bowels Dilated bowel loops Pneumatosis intestinalis Dilated proximal bowel with constriction distally
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
Necrotizing Enterocolitis- most common life threatening emergency of the GI tract in the newborn period Pneumatosis intestinalis Triad: abdominal distention, gastric retention, bloody stools Tx: no definitive tx for established NEC; only supportive care and preventing further injury If tx is needed: surgery and Metronidazole
93. A CHILD WITH ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA, POOR WOUND HEALING AND GROWTH RETARDATION HAS:
a.
b.
c. d.
ZINC
Acrodermatitis enteropathica rare autosomal disorder caused by an inability to absorb sufficient zinc from the diet
d.
95. PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME PRESENTS AS POLYPOSIS OF THE SMALL BOWELS AND WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
a. b. c.
d.
Nasal polyposis Hemangioma Hyperpigmented macules on the face lips, and buccal mucosa Periungual desquamation
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
Characterized by melanotic papules on the lips and mucous membranes and by gastrointestinal polyposis Autosomal dominant Polyposis usually involves the jejunum and ileum but may also involve the stomach, duodenum, colon and rectum
d.
NUTRITION
Breastfeeding vs Formula feeding Advantages Techniques Rooting reflex Sucking reflex: prolactin (AP) milk secretion oxytocin (PP) - contraction Swallowing reflex
Contraindications Septicemia HIV Active TB Typhoid fever Breast CA Malaria Substance abuse and severe neuroses or psychoses
97. AT WHAT AGE CAN THE SNELLEN CHART BE USED TO ASSESS VISUAL ACUITY
a.
b. c. d.
98. A 15 YEAR OLD HAD HIS UPPER CENTRAL INCISOR KNOCKED OUT OFF THE SOCKET. HE WANTS IT REPLANTED. IN WHAT MEIUM SHOULD THE TOOTH BE TRANSPORTED?
a. b. c. d.
A viable periodontal ligament (PDL) is important for proper physiologic healing of replanted teeth. One of the critical factors affecting outcome is the way the tooth is handled during the extraoral period. A suitable storage medium should have a physiologic osmolality in order to keep the PDL cells in as healthy a condition as possible. Milk has an osmolality within physiologic limits. In vitro studies suggest that it is superior to saliva (Blomlof and Otteskog 1980) and to Eagles medium (Blomlof 1981) and other media (Ashkenazi et al. 1999, Lekic et al. 1998) in terms of PDL cell viability. Milk appears to be the storage medium of choice in an emergency situation, although a new storage medium: Propolis may be better (Martin and Pileggi 2004)
99. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SLEEPING POSITIONS HAS BEEN NOTED TO DECREASE THE INCIDENCE OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME?
a. b.
c.
d.
SIDS
Sudden
death of an infant that is unexpected by history and unexplained by thorough post mortem examination, which includes autopsy, investigation of the scene of death, and review of the medical history Environmental and genetic risk factors Infant sleep environment: sleeping prone has consistently shown to increase the risk of SIDS Recommendation: supine position
100. A CHILD ACCIDENTALLY INGESTED A BLEACHING SOLUTION (ZONROX). WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE THE INITIAL MANAGEMENT?
a. b. c. d.
Give large amount of milk Induce emesis Gastric lavage Rinse the mucosa
POISONING
Caustics
Acids and Alkali Thorough removal Emesis and lavage are contraindicated Activated charcoal should not be used
Insecticides
SLUDGE ( salivation, lacrimation, urination, defacation, gastrointestinal cramps, emesis) Antidotes: atropine and pralidoxime
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