Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Meaning of Cryogenics
In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production of very low
temperature(below 150 C, 238 F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures .
Cryogenic technology
o Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at
highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produce large
amounts of thrust.
o Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183
engines. with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 used on the Atlas V rocket.
Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in 1979 ,
and is still
Chinese YF-73
in 1984 .
The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in
Cont.
(Russian) - N 1
(AMERICAN) - ATLAS V
Cont.
To India the U.S., Japan and France would either not provide the technology or do
mammoth N1 rocket, the Soviet equivalent of Saturn V. But after four successive
launch failures, the N1 project was scrapped and its engines were mothballed.
The deal violated the Missile Technology Control Regime, which was intended to
prevent the spread of missile-related technology, and fell foul of the U.S. laws meant to enforce its provisions. Despite warnings from within the organization,
ISRO opted to go ahead with the import. In May 1992, the U.S. imposed sanctions
on ISRO and Glavkosmos. A year later, Russia, which received the contract after the break-up of the Soviet Union, backed out of the deal.
Cont.
ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on its own. At the time, ISRO gave the impression that much of the technology
about four years, Chairman U.R. Rao told in July 1993. Instead, it has taken 16 years.
Working
It involves a complicated staged combustion cycle' to increase the
engine efficiency.
Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas generator. The
hot gases drive a turbo-pump and are then injected at high pressure into the thrust chamber where the rest of oxygen is introduced and full combustion takes place.
Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid hydrogen
is used to cool the thrust chamber where temperatures rise to over 3,0000 Celsius when the engine is fired.
industry, the two companies were involved from the start and even the early prototypes were built by them.
15, 2010 later plunged into the sea as the indigenous cryogenic engine failed to ignite.
The vehicle lifted off as planned at 4.27 p.m. and its performance was
normal up to the end of its second stage till 293 seconds from the liftoff.
An authoritative former ISRO official said: It is very clear that the
cryogenic engine did not ignite when you look at the curve [of the vehicle's trajectory]
the vehicle developed problems when the cryogenic upper stage should
have ignited 304 seconds after the lift-off, and it fell into the sea
Advantages
High Energy per unit mass:
Propellants like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form give very high amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the amount of fuel to be carried aboard the rockets decreases.
Clean Fuels Hydrogen and oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When they combine, they give out only water. This water is thrown out of the nozzle in form of very hot vapour. Thus the rocket is nothing but a high burning steam engine Economical Use of oxygen and hydrogen as fuels is very economical, as liquid oxygen costs less than gasoline.
Drawbacks:
Boil off Rate
Highly reactive gases Leakage Hydrogen Embrittlement Zero Gravity conditions
engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used as a rocket engine
There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA scientists
are still working with. One of them is the Xenon ion Engine. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for propulsion.
There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal rocket
Any Queries