Subnetting

What was that masked address?

Why Subnet?
To break the network down into pieces, each

of which can be addressed separately.

Controls network traffic Reduces broadcasts Can provide low level security with access lists on the router Organization of IP address space

Subnetting a Default Class C Network Address: 200.129.41.0

Default Class C address is divided into

network and host portions as follows: N . N . N . H To subnet we borrow bits from the host portion of the address (8 bits for Class C) N . N . N . x x x x x x x x Borrowing n bits yields 2n 2 subnets. Leaving n bits yields 2n 2 hosts. For a class C, we can borrow from 2 to 6 bits. Why not 1 bit? (How many usable subnets?) Why not 7 bits? (How many usable hosts?)

Subnetting a Default Class C Network Address: 200.129.41.0

Suppose we need 14 usable subnets, how

many bits do we borrow?

Remember, borrowing n bits give us:

2n 2 subnets 23 2 = 8 2 = 6 usable subnets (not enough) 24 2 = 16 2 = 14 usable subnets (enough)

Try borrowing 3 bits (n = 3):

Try borrowing 4 bits

Subnetting a Default Class C Network Address: 200.129.41.0

Write it with the network octet in binary:
subnet bits host bits

200.129.41.0000 0000
break here

Borrowing 4 bits yields 14 usable subnets How many usable hosts per subnet? Same formula as subnets (2n 2) 4 host bits (n = 4) 24 2 = 16 2 = 14 usable hosts per subnet

Subnetting a Default Class C Network Address: 200.129.41.0

Examples: First usable 200.129.41.0001 ^ 0000 subnet address: 200.129.41.16 First usable host 200.129.41.0001 ^ 0001 on the first subnet: 200.129.41.17 Second usable host 200.129.41.0001 ^ 0010 on the first subnet: 200.129.41.18
. . .

Last usable host on the first subnet: Broadcast address for the first subnet:

200.129.41.0001 ^ 1110 200.129.41.30 200.129.41.0001 ^ 1111 200.129.41.31

Subnetting a Default Class C Network Address: 200.129.41.0

Examples: Second usable 200.129.41.0010 ^ 0000 subnet address: 200.129.41.32 Third usable 200.129.41.0011 ^ 0000 subnet address: 200.129.41.48 Fourth usable 200.129.41.0100 ^ 0000 subnet address: 200.129.41.64
. . .

Last usable 200.129.41.1110 ^ 0000 subnet address: 200.129.41.224

The Subnet Mask: How the Router Determines the Subnet

The subnet mask (in binary) has:

all ones in the network and subnet portion of the address all zeros in the host potion of the address The subnet mask for the previous example is:
255.255.255. 240 255.255.255. 1111^ 0000 (128 + 64 + 32 + 16 =240)

ANDing this mask with any valid host address on the network will always yield the subnet address for that host.

The Subnet Mask: How the Router Determines the Subnet

Example (our subnet mask is 255.255.255.240) IP host address: 200.129. 41.23 Last octet to binary: 200.129. 41.0001 0111 AND subnet mask: 255.255.255.1111 0000 200.129. 41.0001 0000 Subnet Address: 200.129. 41.16

So the host address 200.129. 41.23 is on the 200.129.41.16 subnet.

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

Default Class B address is divided into

network and host portions as follows: N . N . H . H To subnet we borrow bits from the host portion of the address (16 bits for Class B)
N . N .x x x x x x x x . x x x x x x x x

For a class B, we can borrow from 2 to 14

bits.

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

Suppose we need 80 usable subnets, how

many bits do we borrow?

Remember, borrowing n bits give us:

2n 2 subnets 26 2 = 64 2 = 62 usable subnets (not enough) 27 2 = 128 2 = 126 usable subnets (enough)

Try borrowing 6 bits (n = 6):

Try borrowing 7 bits

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

Write it with the network octets in binary:
subnet bits host bits

132.178.0000000 0.00000000
break here

Borrowing 7 bits yields 126 usable subnets How many usable hosts per subnet? Same formula as subnets (2n 2) 9 host bits (n = 9) 29 2 = 512 2 = 510 usable hosts per subnet

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

Examples:

First usable 132.178.0000001 ^ 0.00000000 subnet address: 132.178.2.0 First usable host 132.178.0000001 ^ 0.00000001 on the first subnet: 132.178.2.1 Second usable host 132.178.0000001 ^ 0.00000010 on the first subnet: 132.178.2.2
. . .

Last usable host 132.178.0000001 ^ 1.11111110 on the first subnet: 132.178.3.254 Broadcast address 132.178.0000001 ^ 1.11111111 for the first subnet: 132.178.3.255

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

Examples: Second usable 132.178.0000010 ^ 0.00000000 subnet address: 132.178.4.0 Third usable 132.178.0000011 ^ 0.00000000 subnet address: 132.178.6.0
. . .

Ninety-first usable subnet address:

. . .

132.178.1011011 ^ 0.00000000 132.178.182.0

Last usable 132.178.1111110 ^ 0.00000000 subnet address: 132.178.252.0

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

The subnet mask for this example is:

255.255.254.0 255.255.1111111 ^ 0.00000000 ANDing this mask with any valid host address on this network will always yield the subnet address.

Subnetting a Default Class B Network Address: 132.178.0.0

Example: IP host address: 132.178.119.112 Last octets to binary: 132.178.0111011 ^
1.01110000

AND subnet mask:

255.255.1111111 ^ 0.00000000

132.178.0111011 ^ 0.00000000

Subnet Address:

132.178.118.0

Which subnet is this. How can you tell?