RAUL ANDRES TORRES BALLEN UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER

LINE INTEGRALS
A curve, C, in three-dimensional space may be represented by parametric equations:

or in vector notation where (see Fig.1)

Fig.1

Then, a vector A[x(t), y(t), z(t)] or a scalar, , is pictured on the domain C, which according to the parametric representation, is referred to the real number interval atb

The integral

of a vector field A defined on a

The integrand

curve segment C is called Line Integral. has the representation

obtained by expanding the dor product. The ecalar an vector integrals

The following three basic ways are used to evaluate the line integral: * The parametric equations are used to express the integrand through the parameter t. * If the curve C is a plane curve and has one of the representations y=f(x) or x=g(y), then the two integrals that arise are evaluated whit respect to x or y, whichever is more convenient. * If the integrand is a perfect differential, then it may be evaluated through knowledge of the end points.

EVALUATION OF LINE INTEGRALS FOR PLANE CURVES If the equation of a curve C in the plane z=0 is given as y=f(x), then line integral is evaluated by placing y=f(x), dy=f(x)dx in the integrand to obtain the definite integral

Similarly, is C is given as x=g(y), then dx=g(y)dy

If C is given in parametric form x=(t), y=(t)

combinations of the above methods may be used in the evaluation. If the integrant A.dr is a perfect differencial, , then

Similar methods are used for evaluating line integrals along space curve.

PROPERTIES OF LINE INTEGRALS EXPRESSED FOR PLANE CURVE

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GREENS THEOREM IN THE PLANE let P, Q, P/ y, Q/ x be single-valued and continuous in a simply connected region R bounded by a simple closed curve C. Then

when is used to emphasize that C is closed and that it is described in the positive direction

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CONDITIONS FOR A LINE INTEGRAL TO BE INDEPEND OF THE PATH The line integral of a vector field A is independent of path if its value is the same regardless of the (allowable) path from initial to terminal point. For example, the integral of the vector field A=yi+xj is independent of path since

Theorem 1. A necessary and sufficient condition that be independent of path is that there exists a scalar function such that Theorem 2. A necessary and sufficient condition that the line integral, be independent of path is that Theorem 3. If then the line integral of A over an allowable closed path is 0, i.e., If C is a plane curve, then Theorem 3 follows inmediately from Greens theorem, since in the plane case reduces to

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SURFACE INTEGRALS
The surface is thought of as embeddded in a threedimensional Euclidean space and expressed thriugh a twoparameter vector representation: In terms of rectangular cartesian coordinates In parametric representation
The parameter curves v2=const and v1=const establish a coordinate system on the surface. The key to establishing the surface integral of a function is the differencial elemt of surface area. At the point, P, of surface

In particular, the directions of the coording curves v2=const and v1=const are designated by (Fig.2)

The cross product

is normal to the tangent plane at P, and its manitude is the area of a differential coordinate parallelogram

Fig.2

Definition. The differential element of surface area is

For a function

If the surface has the cartesian representation z=f(x,y) and the identifications v1=x, v2=y, z=f(v1,v2) are made then and

Therefore,

if the surface is given in the implicit form F(x,y,z)=0, then the gradient may be employed to obtain another representation.

We again let v1=x, v2=y, z=f(v1,v2). Then Taking the dot product of both sides of yields

The ambiguity of sing can be eliminated by taking the absolute value.

and the surface integral takes the form

let S be a two-sided surface having projection R on the xy plane as in the adjoining (Fig.3) Assume that an equation for S is z=f(x,y), where f is singlevalued. Divide R into n subregions of area

and erect a vertical column on each of these subregions to intersect S in an area

Fig.3

Form de sum where is some point of If the limit of this sum as in such a way that each the resulting limit is called the Surface Integral of (x,y,z) over S and is designated by Since approximately, where is the angle between the normal line S and the positive z-axis, the limit of the sum can be written where

Then assuming that z=f(x,y) has continuous

In case the equation for S is given as F(x,y,z)=0, can also be written

In the above we have assumed that S is such that any line parallel to the z-axis intersects S in only one point. In case S is not of this type, we can usually subdivide S into surfaces S1, S2,., which are of this type. Then the surface integral over S is defined as the sum of the surface integrals over S1, S2,. .

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THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Let A be a vector field that is continuously differentiable on a closed-space region, V, bound by a smooth surface, S (Fig.4) Then
Fig.4

when n is an outwardly drawn normal. If n is expressed through direction cosines, i.e.,

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STOKES THEOREM Suppose a closed curve, C, bounds a smooth surface portion, S. If the component functions of x=r(v1,v2) have continuous mixed partial derivatives, then for a vector field A with continuous partial derivatives on S (Fig.5)
Fig.5

where representing the angles made by the outward normal n and i,j, and k, respectively.

then the component form of is

if

, Stokes theorem tell us that

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