BIOL 300

Pathophysiology
Christopher Westerkamp,
Ph.D.
• We are here on earth to fart around.
Don't let anyone tell you any
different.
— Kurt Vonnegut
 2005 leading causes of
• death, U.S.
Diseases of heart
• Malignant neoplasms
• Cerebrovascular diseases
• Chronic lower respiratory diseases
• Accidents
• Diabetes mellitus
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Influenza and pneumonia
• Kidney disease
• Septicemia
 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1985
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1986
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1987
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4”
person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1988
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1989
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1991
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1992
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1993
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1994
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1995
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1996
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1997
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1998
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1999
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2000
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2001
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24%

≥25%
 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2002
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24%

≥25%
 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2003
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24%

≥25%
 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2004
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24%

≥25%
 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2005
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24%

25%–29% ≥30%
 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2006
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24%

25%–29% ≥30%
CV Disease Prevalence
• Pathology
• Pathology
–Investigation of structural
alterations in cells, tissues,
and organs used to identify
disease
• Pathology
–Investigation of structural
alterations in cells, tissues,
and organs used to identify
disease

• Pathophysiology
• Pathology
–Study of the traits, causes,
and effects of disease
• Pathophysiology
–Study of the underlying
changes in function
resulting from disease or
• Etiology
–Study of disease causation
• Etiology
–Study of disease causation
• Also used to refer to cause
of disease
• Etiology
–Study of disease causation
• Also used to refer to cause
of disease
• Idiopathic – no known
cause
• Etiology
–Study of disease causation
• Also used to refer to cause
of disease
• Idiopathic – no known
cause
• 3 categories of etiology
–Genetic
–Congenital
–acquired
• Pathogenesis
• Pathogenesis
–Pattern of development of a
disease
 Pathogenesis
Cell dysfunction > tissue
dysfunction > organ
dysfunction
 Pathogenesis
What are the biochemical
changes in an injured cell?
 Pathogenesis
What distinguishes reversible
from irreversible damage?
 Clinical Manifestations
• Signs and symptoms of a
disease
–Signs
–Symptoms
 Clinical Manifestations
• Signs and symptoms of a
disease
–Signs: objective alterations
that can be observed and
measured
–Symptoms: subjective
experiences reported by a
person
• What is a disease?
• What is a disease?
• What is normal?
–How do we define normal?
–How do we define disease?
• Molly is a 75 year old woman
who lives alone. For 2 days,
she had a fever and chills and
stayed mostly in bed. On
rising to go to the bathroom,
she felt dizzy, fainted and fell
to the floor.
• Molly is a 75 year old woman
who lives alone. For 2 days,
she had a fever and chills and
stayed mostly in bed. On
rising to go to the bathroom,
she felt dizzy, fainted and fell
to the floor.
–Orthostatic hypotension
• What would be the normal
response of blood pressure to
standing?
• What happened to her heart
rate before fainting? Why did
she faint?
• How did fainting and falling
help establish homeostasis?