3.

2 Transmission Media In Networks

Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted-pair cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. (Kabel Twisted-pair terdiri dari pasangan kodwarna yang membaluti wayar tembaga)

Every two wires are twisted around each other to form pairs and all the pairs are encased in a plastic sheath. (Setiap dua wayar berpintal diantara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
membentuksatu pasangan dan semua pasangan wayar akan dibaluti di dalam sarung plastik)

The more twists per inch in a pair of wires, the more resistant the pair will be to crosstalk.

Twisted Pair Cable

It is relatively inexpensive, flexible, and easy to install. (ia murah, fleksibel, dan mudah untuk dipasang) Twisted-pair cable falls into one of two categories: STP (shielded twisted-pair) or UTP (unshielded twisted-pair)

Twisted Pair Cable STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair)

surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic substance such as foil. (dikelilingi/dilindungi oleh perisai yang diperbuat dari bahan logam seperti
aluminium foil)

The shielding acts as a barrier to external electromagnetic forces, thus preventing them from affecting the signals traveling over the wire inside the shielding

Twisted Pair Cable UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)

UTP does not contain additional shielding for the twisted pairs. (UTP tidak mengandungi pelindung tambahan untuk pasangan twisted) Only consists of one or more insulated wire pairs encased in a sarung plastik) plastic sheath. (Hanya terdiri dari satu atau lebih pasang wayar dan dibaluti di dalam

Twisted Pair Cable UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)

ThroughputSTP and UTP can both transmit data at 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps (1Gbps), depending on the grade of cabling and the transmission method in use.
(kedua-dua STP dan UTP boleh menghantar data sebanyak 10, 100, dan 1000 Mbps (1Gbps), bergantung pada grad kabel dan kaedah penghantaran yang digunakan)

CostSTP is more expensive than UTP because it contains more materials and it has a lower demand.
(STP lebih mahal daripada UTP kerana ia mengandungi lebih banyak bahan/sumber)

ConnectorSTP and UTP use RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) and RJ-11 (Registered Jack 11). (STP dan UTP menggunakan
penyambung RJ-45 (Jack Terdaftar 45) dan RJ-11 (Registered Jack 11))

Twisted Pair Cable UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)

Noise immunityBecause of its shielding, STP is more noise-resistant than UTP. (disebabkan ia mengandungi pelindung,
STP lebih tahan hingar(noise) daripada UTP)

Size and scalabilityThe maximum segment length for both STP and UTP is 100 m, or 328 feet. (Panjang
maksimum segmen bagi kedua-dua STP dan UTP adalah 100 m, atau 328 kaki)

Twisted Pair Cable UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)

CAT 5e (Enhanced Category 5)A higher-grade version of CAT 5 wiring that contains high-quality copper, offers a high twist ratio, and uses advanced methods for reducing crosstalk. Enhanced CAT 5 can support a signaling rate as high as 350 MHz, more than triple the capability of regular CAT 5. CAT 6 (Category 6)A twisted-pair cable that contains four wire pairs, each wrapped in foil insulation. Additional foil insulation covers the bundle of wire pairs, and a fire-resistant plastic sheath covers the second foil layer. The foil insulation provides excellent resistance to crosstalk and enables CAT 6 to support a 250-MHz signaling rate and at least six times the throughput supported by regular CAT 5.

Twisted Pair Cable UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)

CAT 6e (Enhanced Category 6)A higher-grade version of CAT 6 wiring that reduces attenuation and crosstalk, and allows for potentially exceeding traditional network segment length limits. CAT 6e is capable of a 550 MHz signaling rate and can reliably transmit data at multi-Gigabit per second rates. CAT 7 (Category 7)A twisted-pair cable that contains multiple wire pairs, each surrounded by its own shielding, then packaged in additional shielding beneath the sheath. CAT 7 cabling is that it can support signal rates up to 1 GHz.

Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable consists of a central copper core surrounded by an insulator, a braided metal shielding, called braiding, and an outer cover, called the sheath or jacket. (Kabel Coaxial terdiri daripada teras tembaga pusat
dikelilingi oleh pembalut, logam perisai, disebut braiding, dan penutup luar yang disebut sarung atau jaket)

The core carries the electromagnetic signal, and the braided metal shielding acts as both a shield against noise. (teras membawa isyarat elektromagnet, dan logam perisai bertindak sebagai
perisai terhadap hingar)

all types have been assigned an RG (radio guide) specification number.

Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable

F-Type connector

Coaxial cable
Have two categories: Thicknet and Thinnet. Thicknet
Its diameter is approximately 1 cm IEEE has designated Thinnet as 10BASE-5 Ethernet maximum segment length are 500 meters.

Thinnet
Its diameter is approximately 0.64 cm IEEE has designated Thinnet as 10BASE-2 Ethernet maximum segment length are 185 meters (or roughly 200)

Fiber-optic Cable
Fiber-optic cable, or simply fiber, contains one or several glass or plastic fibers at its center, or core.

(Kabel Fiber-optik mengandungi satu atau beberapa serat kaca atau plastik di pusatnya, atau teras)

Surrounding the fibers is a layer of glass or plastic called cladding. (sekeliling serat adalah lapisan kaca atau plastik yang disebut
Cladding)

Outside the cladding, a plastic buffer protects the cladding and core. (Di bahagian luar cladding, buffer akan melindungi Cladding
dan teras)

Fiber-optic Cable
To prevent the cable from stretching, and to protect the inner core further, strands of Kevlar (an advanced polymeric fiber) surround the plastic buffer. (Untuk mengelakkan kabel dari berlaku peregangan, dan untuk lebih melindungi
bahagian teras, helai kevlar (suatu fiber/serat polimer) akan mengelilingi buffer)

Finally, a plastic sheath covers/outer jacket the strands of Kevlar. (Akhirnya, sarung/jaket plastik akan melindungi bahagian luar
kevlar)

Have two categories: single-mode and multimode.

Fiber-optic Cable

Fiber-optic CableSMF (Single-Mode Fiber)

SMF (single-mode fiber) uses a narrow core (less than 10 microns in diameter) through which light generated by a laser travels over one path, reflecting very little. (menggunakan teras yang kecil(kurang dari 10 mikron dalam diameter)
yang mana cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh laser dihantar melalui satu jalur, pantulan sangat sedikit)

Because it reflects little, the light does not disperse as the signal travels along the fiber. (Oleh kerana pantulannya
sedikit, cahaya tidak akan tersebar sebagai isyarat perjalanan sepanjang melalui serat)

accommodate high bandwidths and long distances.

(menyediakan bandwidth yang tinggi dan jarak yang panjang)

Fiber-optic CableMMF (Multimode Fiber)

MMF (multimode fiber) contains a core with a larger diameter than single-mode fiber (between 50 and 115 microns in diameter; the most common size is 62.5 microns) over which many pulses of light generated by a laser or LED travel at different angles.
(mengandungi teras dengan diameter yang lebih besar daripada serat single-mode (antara 50 dan 115 mikron diameter; saiz paling umum adalah 62,5 mikron) di mana banyak pulsa cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh laser atau LED bergerak pada sudut yang berbeza)

It is commonly found on cables that connect a router to a switch or a server on the backbone of a network.
(kebiasaanya dijumpai pada kabel yang menghubungkan router ke switch atau server di tulang belakang rangkaian)

Fiber-optic Cable

Fiber-optic CableConnector

(a) ST (Straight Tip)

(b) SC (Standard Connector)

(c) LC (Local Connector)

(d) MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack)

Fiber-optic Cablecharacteristics
ThroughputFiber has proved reliable in transmitting data at rates that exceed 10 Gigabits (or 10,000 Megabits) per second. (Fiber telah terbukti cekap dalam
penghantaran data pada tahap yang melebihi 10 Gigabits (atau 10,000 Megabits) per saat)

CostFiber-optic cable is the most expensive transmission medium. (Kabel Fiber-optik adalah media penghantaran paling
mahal)

Noise immunityBecause fiber does not conduct electrical current to transmit signals,it is unaffected by EMI. (disebabkan serat tidak mengalirkan arus elektrik untuk menghantar isyarat, ia
tidak akan dipengaruhi oleh EMI)

Fiber-optic Cablecharacteristics
Size and scalabilityDepending on the type of fiberoptic cable used, segment lengths from 150 to 40,000 meters. (Bergantung pada jenis kabel serat optik yang digunakan,
panjang segmen antara 150 hingga 40,000 meter)

Wireless Transmission
Networks that transmit signals through the atmosphere via infrared or radiofrequency (RF) waves are known as wireless networks. (Rangkaian yang

menghantar isyarat melalui atmosfera menerusi inframerah atau gelombang frekuensi radio yang dikenali sebagai rangkaian wayarles)

All wireless signals are carried through the air along electromagnetic waves. (Semua isyarat wayarles dibawa melalui udara di
sepanjang gelombang elektromagnet)

Wireless spectrum is a continuum of electromagnetic waves used for data and voice communication. (spektrum wayarles merupakan jalur gelombang elektromagnet
yang digunakan untuk komunikasi data dan suara)

Wireless Transmission

Characteristic of Wireless Transmission

Signal propagation Signal degradation Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal Fixed and mobile wireless communication

Signal propagation
The signal may pass through the object or be absorbed by the object, or it may be subject to any of the following phenomena: reflection, diffraction, or scattering. (isyarat boleh melewati objek atau diserap oleh objek, atau mungkin
mengalami salah satu fenomena berikut: pantulan, pembelauan, atau penghamburan)

Reflection The wave encounters an obstacle and reflectsor bounces backtoward its source. A wireless signal will bounce off objects whose dimensions are large compared to the signals average wavelength. (gelombang bertembung dengan halangan dan

memantul kembali menuju sumbernya. Isyarat wayarles bertembung dengan objek yang lebih besar berbanding dengan panjang gelombang isyarat itu)

Signal propagation
In diffraction, a wireless signal splits into secondary waves when it encounters an obstruction. The secondary waves continue to propagate in the direction in which they were split. (isyarat wayarles terbahagi
menjadi gelombang sekunder ketika bertembung dengan suatu penghalang. Gelombang sekunder akan terus merambat pada arah di mana mereka berpecah)

Scattering is the reflection in multiple different directions, of a signal. Scattering occurs when a wireless signal encounters an object that has small dimensions compared to the signals wavelength.

(adalah pantulan dalam beberapa arah signal yang berbeza. Scattering terjadi apabila isyarat wayarles bertembung dengan objek yang berukuran lebih kecil berbanding dengan panjang gelombang isyarat itu)

Signal propagation

Signal degradation
the original signal issued by the transmitter will experience fading, or a change in signal strength as a result of some of the electromagnetic energy being scattered, reflected, or diffracted after being issued by the transmitter. (isyarat asal yang dikeluarkan oleh penghantar akan
mengalami pengurangan atau perubahan dalam kekuatan isyarat disebabkan oleh penghamburan, pantulan, atau pembelauan selepas dikeluarkan oleh penghantar)

the strength of the signal that reaches the receiver is lower than the transmitted signals strength. (kekuatan
isyarat yang dicapai penerima lebih rendah dari kekuatan isyarat penghantar)

the farther it moves away from the transmission antenna the more it weakens. (semakin jauh bergerak dari antena
penghantaran ia akan semakin melemah)

Signal degradation
Interference can distort and weaken a wireless signal in the same way that noise distorts and weakens a wire-bound signal. (gangguan dapat mengubah bentuk dan melemahkan
isyarat wayarles dengan cara yang sama sebagaimana yang berlaku pada kabel)

Because wireless signals cannot depend shielding to protect them from extraneous EMI, they are more vulnerable to noise. (Kerana isyarat wayarles tidak dapat bergantung pada
perisai untuk melindungi mereka dari EMI asing, mereka lebih terdedah kepada hingar)

Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

In narrowband, a transmitter concentrates the signal energy at a single frequency or in a very small range of frequencies. (Dalam Narrowband, pemancar menumpukan tenaga isyarat
pada frekuensi tunggal atau dalam julat frekuensi yang tersangat kecil)

broadband uses a relatively wide band of the wireless spectrum. As a result of their wider frequency bands, offer higher throughputs than narrowband technologies. (broadband menggunakan sebuah jalur relatif
yang lebar dari spektrum wayarles. disebabkan dari jalur frekuensi yang lebih luas, maka throughputs lebih tinggi berbanding dengan teknologi Narrowband.)

Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

The use of multiple frequencies to transmit a signal is known as spread spectrum technology. (Penggunaan beberapa
frekuensi untuk menghantar isyarat dikenali sebagai teknologi spread spectrum)

spread spectrum signaling is called FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) & DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum). (spread spectrum isyarat adalah FHSS (hopping spread
spectrum) & DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum))

Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

FHSS a signal jumps between several different frequencies within a band in a synchronization pattern known only to the channels receiver and transmitter. (isyarat melompat antara beberapa frekuensi yang berbeza dalam

sebuah jalur dalam pola penyegerakan yang hanya diketahui oleh penerima saluran dan pemancar)

Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

DSSS a signals bits are distributed over an entire frequency band at once. Each bit is coded so that the receiver can reassemble the original signal upon receiving the bits. (bit isyarat yang diedarkan melalui keseluruhan jalur frekuensi sekaligus. Setiap
bit dikodekan sehingga penerima boleh mengumpul semula isyarat asal ketika menerima bit)

Fixed and mobile wireless communication

Each type of wireless communication falls into one of two categories: fixed or mobile. (terdapat 2 kategori: fiexed atau mobile)

Fixed wireless
the locations of the transmitter and receiver do not move. (lokasi
penghantar dan penerima tidak berubah)

The transmitting antenna focuses its energy directly toward the receiving antenna. (Penghantaran antena ini memfokuskan tenaga terus ke antena
penerima)

advantage of fixed wireless is that because the receivers location is predictable, energy need not be wasted issuing signals across a large geographical area. (kelebihannya, oleh kerana lokasi penerima
adalah telah diketahui, tenaga tidak perlu disia-siakan membawa isyarat menerusi kawasan geografi yang besar)

Fixed and mobile wireless communication

mobile wireless
the receiver can be located anywhere within the transmitters range. (penerima boleh berada di mana sahaja dalam liputan
pemancar itu)

Allows the receiver to roam from one place to another while continuing to pick up its signal. (Membolehkan penerima untuk
bergerak dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, sambil terus memperolehi signalnya)

types of wireless connectionsinfrared

two types of wireless connections used on computer networks: infrared and wireless LANs. (dua jenis Sambungan
wayarles digunakan pada rangkaian komputer: LAN inframerah dan wayarles)

Infrared
transmitted by frequencies in the 300-GHz to 300,000-GHz range, which is just above the top of the wireless spectrum.
(dihantar dengan julat frekuensi GHz 300 hingga 300.000-GHz, iaitu spektrum wayarles tertinggi )

infrared transmission is most often used for communications between devices in the same room.
(penghantaran inframerah ini paling sering digunakan untuk komunikasi antara peranti dalam ruangan yang sama)

types of wireless connectionswireless LANs

infrared signaling requires more power, travels shorter distances, and transmission around obstacles less successfully than the wireless technique. (isyarat inframerah lebih
memerlukan kekuatan, jarak pendek, dan penghantaran di sekitar rintangan kurang berjaya berbanding teknik wayarles)

wireless LANs
WLAN relies on lower frequencies in the 2.4-2.4835 GHz band, more commonly known as the 2.4-GHz band, to send and receive signals. (WLAN menghantar dan menerima isyarat pada frekuensi
rendah iaitu 2.4 GHz)

two categories: ad hoc and infrastructure

wireless LANs ad hoc

Smaller wireless networks, in which a small number of nodes closely positioned need to exchange data, can be arranged in an ad hoc. (Rangkaian wayarles yang lebih kecil, di
mana sejumlah nod berdekatan yang ingin bertukar data, diatur dalam ad hoc)

In an ad hoc WLAN, wireless nodes, or stations, transmit directly to each other via wireless NICs without an intervening connectivity device. (Dalam WLAN
ad hoc, nod atau stesen, menghantar terus antara satu sama lain melalui NIC wayarles(wireless adapter) tanpa memerlukan peranti sambungan)

infrared and wireless LANs connection

An ad-hoc WLAN

wireless LANs infrastructure

WLANs can use the infrastructure mode, which depends on an intervening connectivity device called an access point. (WLAN yang menggunakan mode infrastruktur akan bergantung
kepada peranti sambungan tambahan yang disebut access point)

AP (access point) is a device that accepts wireless signals from multiple nodes and retransmits them to the rest of the network. (AP adalah peranti yang menerima isyarat
wayarles dari beberapa node dan menghantarnya kembali ke seluruh rangkaian)

wireless LANs infrastructure

an access point must have sufficient power and be strategically placed so that stations can communicate with it. ( access point mesti mempunyai kekuatan yang cukup dan diletakkan secara
strategik sehingga dapat berkomunikasi dengan stesen-stesen)

like other wireless devices, access points contain an antenna connected to their transceivers. (seperti peranti
wayarles lain, access point mengandungi antena bersambung kepada transceivers)

wireless LANs ad hoc

An infrastructure WLAN

Bersambung pada 6/9/2012.. wireless LANs ad hoc

Wireless LAN interconnection