Chem.

Moustafa ElSheikh

Distillation:- is the method used to separate

tow or more liquid components of liquid solution into pure fraction. The operation involves vaporization and subsequent condensation of the liquid.

The vapor phase is created by supplying heat Separation is achieved because of the difference in the vapor pressure of the components at a given temperature.

Distillation:The separation of the constituents of a liquid mixture by partial vaporization of the mixture, followed by separate recovery of the vapor and liquid residue.

Absorber: A tower or column that provides contact between natural gas being processed and liquid solvent Adsorption: The process by which gaseous components are adsorbed on solids because of their molecular attraction to the solid surface.

Atmospheric pressure:-. The pressure exerted on the earth A pressure of 760 mm Hg or 101.3250 k pa So , what the different between absolute and Gauge pressure?

Blanket gas:A gas phase maintained in a vessel containing liquid to protect the liquid against air contamination to reduce the hazard of detonation (explosion) Blow down:The act of empting or depressurizing a vessel (boiler& cooling tower)

Breathing:The movement of vapor in or out of an atmospheric pressure storage tank because of a change of level of the stored liquid or a change of the temperature of the vapor space above the liquid.

Critical temperature:-the maximum temperature at which the pure component an exist as a liquid. Critical pressure :The vapor pressure of substance at its critical temperature Critical density:The density of the substance at its critical temperature and critical pressure

Cryogenic plant A gas processing pant which is capable of producing natural gas liquid products including ethane at very low operating temperature, usually below -50 C

Debutanizer:A fractionator designed to separate butane and more volatile components from a hydrocarbon mixture. Demethanizer:A fractionator designed to separate methane and more volatile components from hydrocarbon mixture Depropanizer:- ??

Dehydration:The act of process of removing water from gases or liquid. Desiccant:a substance used in dehydrator to remove water and moisture from the process.

Dew point The temperature at any given pressure at which liquid initially condenses from gas or vapor water dew point

hydrocarbon dew point

Fractionation:Same definition of the distillation Separation of a mixture of hydrocarbon into individual products based on difference in the boiling point or relative volatility Flash point:The lowest temperature at which vapor from a hydrocarbon liquid will ignite.

Gas processing:The separation of constituents from natural gas from the purpose of making salable products and also for treating the residue as to meet required specifications. Gas processing plant :A plant which processes natural gas for recovery of natural gas liquids and sometimes other substance such as sulfur

Heating value
The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of material

The higher heating value :the a amount of heat obtained when the water produced is condensed

The higher heating value :the a amount of heat obtained when the water produced is not condensed

Joule -Thomson effect The change in gas temperature which occurs when the gas is expanded at constant enthalpy from a higher pressure to a lower pressure . The effect for most gases at normal pressure is a cooling of the gas.

Light hydrocarbons the low molecule Weight hydrocarbon such as methane, ethane propane and butane LNG ( liquefied natural gas) The light hydrocarbon portion of natural gas, predominately methane which has liquefied LPG ( liquefied natural gas) Predominately propane and butane NGL NATURAL GAS LIQUID INCLUDE ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE AND GASOLINE. l

PACKED COULMN A FRACTIONATION OR ABSORPTION COULMN FILLED WITH PACKING DESIGED TO GIVE THE REQUIRED CONTACT BETWEEN THE RISING VAPOR AND THE DESENDING LIQUID REFLUX IN A FRACTIONATION THE PORTION OF CONDESED OVERHEAD RETURNED TO THE COLUMN TO ENHANCE ACHIVABLE PURITY OF THE OVERHEAD PRODUCT

Reflux ratio A way of giving a relative measurement to the volume of reflux. usually referred either to the feed or overhead product Sour gas Gas containing undesirable quantities of hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and/or carbon dioxide

 A Liquid stream, usually concentrated in

low boiler, is introduced at the top of the column. This return is called REFLUX. The reflux entering the top of the column is, if cold, immediately heated to its boiling point by the vapor , and throughout the column liquid and vapor are at their boiling and condensing temperature, respectively.

 To obtain an increase in the concentration of the

low boiler in the vapor , the reflux must be richer in low boiler than the equilibrium concentration corresponding To the vapor leaving the column bottom. At all levels of the column, some low boiler spontaneously diffuses from the liquid into the vapor , vaporizing as it passes from one phase to the other. Higher boiler diffuses spontaneously from vapor to liquid.

 As the vapor rises in the column , it

becomes enriched in low boiler, or more volatile components. At the liquid descends the column, its content of higher boiler increases. The flow of the bulk of the low boiler is up the column, and that of the high boiler is down the column.

Splitter A fractionator used to separating isomers Stabilized condensate Condensate that has been stabilized to a definite vapor pressure in the system. Stabilizer A fractionator column designed to reduce the vapor pressure of a liquid stream

Unsaturated compounds Hydrocarbon having one or more unsaturated bonds like ethylene, propylene -not found in a natural gas due to have high chemical reactivity -produced by thermal cracking or chemical reaction

Wobbe number A number proportional to the heat input to a burner at constant pressure -it is the heating value of a gas divided by the square root of its gravity

Distillation equipment and operation vertical shell trays ,plates and packing Re-boiler Condenser Reflux drum Reflux Down comer

Basic operation and terminology The liquid mixture known as the feed Rectification section on the top Stripping section on the bottom Heat is supplied to the re-boiler to generate vapor Over head product is cooled in the condenser and the liquid holding in the reflux drum Some of this liquid recycled to the column called the reflux

Column internals Trays , plates and desigen - Bubble cap trays - Valve trays - Sieve trays
- Liquid and vapor flow in a tray column

Packing Packing s passive devices that designed to increase the interfacial area for vaporliquid contact -not cause excessive pressure drop across a packing section to reduce the required energy to drive the vapor in the column

Packing versus trays To de-bottlenecked a tray column the trays section is replaced with packing because: Packing provide extra inter-facial area for liquid-vapor contact Efficiency of separation is increased for the same column height Packed column are shorter than trays column

Packed column are called continuous contact column while tray column are called staged-contact column because o the manner in which vapor and liquid are contacted

Column re-boiler
The heat exchanger that are required to transfer enough energy to bring the liquid at the bottom of the column to boiling point

Principles of gas processing operation There are many reasons to remove the NGL If the NGL is more valuable Gas quality specification may effected Restrict the gas flow pipe line There are many different processes can be used to separate NGL:-

1-Cryogenics -Natural gas cooled below -45 C -The ethane and heavier hydrocarbons liquefied -The ethane and heavies are then separated from the methane

2-refregeration The principle is to chill the natural gas from -18 C to -29C Chilling causes the heavier hydrocarbons to liquefy and then this NGLS can be separated from the gas.

Lean oil absorber 90-95% propane and heavier hydrocarbon 98-100% can be use oil absorption

Fractionation -De-etherizer -De-propanizer -De-butanizer

Product specification How a distillation column is controlled? By independent variable -To control the distillate and bottom specification and composition