Chapter 4

Euclidean Vector
Spaces
4.1 Euclidean n-Space
4.2 Linear Transformations from R
n
to R
m
4.3 Properties of Linear
Transformations R
n
to R
m


4.1 Euclidean n-Space
1. Definisi, operasi vektor, dan sifat vektor di ruang-n Euclid
2. Hasil kali dalam Euclid
a) Panjang/norm dan jarak
b) Sifat panjang dan jarak
c) Ketaksamaan Cauchy-Scwartz
d) Keortogonalan
3. Alternatif notasi untuk vektor
4. Formula matriks untuk hasil kali titik


Definition
Vectors in n-Space
O If n is a positive integer, then an ordered
n-tuple is a sequence of n real numbers

1
,
2
, ,

.

O The set of all ordered n-tuple is called n-
space and is denoted by R
n
Definition
O Two vectors u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
) and v=(v
1
,v
2
,, v
n
) in R
n
are
called equal if

1
=
1
,
2
=
2
, ,

The sum u+v is defined by

and if k is any scalar, the scalar multiple ku is defined by

) ,..., ,
2 2 1 1 n n
v u v u v (u + + + = + v u
) ,..., , (
2 1 n
ku ku ku k = u
O The operations of addition and scalar
multiplication in this definition are called the
standard operations on R
n
.
O The Zero vector in R
n
is denoted by 0 and is
defined to be the vector 0=(0,0,,0)
O If u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
) is any vector in R
n
, then the
negative( or additive inverse) of u is denoted
by u and is defined by -u=(-u
1
,-u
2
,,-u
n
)
O The difference of vectors in R
n
is defined by
v-u=v+(-u) =(v
1
-u
1
,v
2
-u
2
,,v
n
-u
n
)

Theorem 4.1.1
Properties of Vector in R
n
O If u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
), v=(v
1
,v
2
,, v
n
) , and w=(w
1
,w
2
,, w
n
)
are vectors in R
n
and k and l are scalars, then:

(a) u+v = v+u (b) u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w
(c) u+0 = 0+u = u (d) u+(-u) = 0; that is u-u = 0
(e) k(lu) = (kl)u (f) k(u+v) = ku+kv
(g) (k+l)u = ku+lu (h) 1u = u
Definition
Euclidean Inner Product
O If u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
), v=(v
1
,v
2
,, v
n
) are vectors
in R
n
, then the Euclidean inner product uv
is defined by





n n
v u v u v u + + + = ...
2 2 1 1
v u
Example 1
Inner Product of Vectors in R
4
O The Euclidean inner product of the
vectors
u=(-1,3,5,7) and v=(5,-4,7,0)
in R
4
is

uv=(-1)(5)+(3)(-4)+(5)(7)+(7)(0)=18
Theorem 4.1.2
Properties of Euclidean Inner Product
O If u, v and w are vectors in R
n
and k is any scalar,
then
(a) uv = vu
(b) (u+v)w = uw+ vw
(c) (k u)v = k(uv)
(d) Further, if and only if v=0 0 > v v
0 = v v
Norm and Distance in
Euclidean n-Space
O We define the Euclidean norm (or Euclidean length) of a vector
u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
) in R
n
by



O Similarly, the Euclidean distance between the points
u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
) and v=(v
1
, v
2
,,v
n
) in R
n
is defined by
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
... (
n
u u u ) + + + = = u u u
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) , (
n n
v u v u v u d + + + = = v u v u
Example 2
Length and Distance in R
4
(3u+2v)(4u+v) = (3u)(4u+v)+(2v)(4u+v)
= (3u)(4u)+(3u)v
+(2v)(4u)+(2v)v
=12(uu)+11(uv)+2(vv)
Example 3
Finding Norm and Distance
O If u=(1,3,-2,7) and v=(0,7,2,2), then in the
Euclidean space R
4

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
) 2 7 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 7 3 ( ) 0 1 ( ) , (
7 3 63 ) 7 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 1 (
+ + + =
= = + + + =
v u
u
d
and
Theorem 4.1.3
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality in R
n
O If u=(u
1
,u
2
,,u
n
) and v=(v
1
, v
2
,,v
n
) are
vectors in R
n
, then


v u v u s
Theorem 4.1.4
Properties of Length in R
n
O If u and v are vectors in R
n
and k is any scalar, then

) inequality (Triangle (d)
(c)
if only and if 0 (b)
0 (a)
v u v u
u u
0 u u
u
+ s +
=
= =
>
k k
Theorem 4.1.5
Properties of Distance in R
n
O If u, v, and w are vectors in R
n
and k is any scalar,
then:
) inequality (Triangle ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( (d)
) , ( ) , ( (c)
if only and if 0 ) , ( (b)
0 ) , ( (a)
v w w u v u
u v v u
v u v u
v u
d d d
d d
d
d
+ s
=
= =
>
Theorem 4.1.6
O If u, v, and w are vectors in R
n
with the
Euclidean inner product, then



2 2
4
1
4
1
v u v u v u + =
Definition
Orthogonality
O Two vectors u and v in R
n
are called
orthogonal if uv=0


Example 4
Orthogonal Vector in R
4
0 ) 1 )( 4 ( ) 0 )( 1 ( ) 2 )( 3 ( ) 1 )( 2 (
since , orthogonal are
) 1 , 0 , 2 , 1 ( and ) 4 , 1 , 3 , 2 (
vectors the space Euclidean In the
4
= + + + =
= =
v u
v u
R
Theorem 4,1,7
Pythagorean Theorem in R
n

then product, inner Euclidean which the R
in vectors orthogonal are and If
2 2 2
n
v u v u
v u
+ = +
Alternative Notations for
Vectors in R
n
(1/2)

| |
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

+
+
+
=
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(

= +
=
(
(
(
(

=
=
n n n n n n
n
n
n
ku
ku
ku
u
u
u
k k
u u
u u
u u
v
v
v
u
u
u
u u u
u
u
u
u u u

,




... or


matrix column a or matrix row a as notation matrix in R
in ) ,..., , ( vector a write to useful often is It
2
1
2
1
2 2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
n
2 1
u v u
u u
u
Alternative Notations for
Vectors in R
n
(2/2)
| | | |
| |
| | | |
) (
) ..., , , ( ) , ... , , (
operation vector the as results same the produce
...

... ...
or
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
1 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
v , ..., u v , u v u
v v v u u u
... ku ku ku u u u k k
v ... u v u v u
v v v u u u
+ + + =
+ = +
= =
+ + + =
+ = +
v u
u
v u
A Matrix Formula for the Dot Product(1/2)
| | | |
| |
) (
v u ... v u v u
u
u
u
... v v v
v
v
v
u
u
u
n n
n
n
n n
7
product inner Euclidean for the formula
following the have e notation w matrix column in s for vector Thus,



and

vectors for the notation matrix column use we If
2 2 1 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
u v v u
v u v u
u v
v u
T
T
=
= =
+ + + =
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

A Matrix Formula for the Dot
Product(2/2)
T
If is a matrix, then it follows form
formula (7) and properties of the transpose
that
A (A ) ( A) ( A
( ( (

T T T T
T T T T T T
A n n
A
A A A A A
A

= = = =
= = = =
u v v u v u v) u u v
u v v) u v )u v u) u v
u 8
9
T
T
A ( )
A A ( )
=
=
v u v
u v u v
Example 5
Verifying That =

11 ) 1 ( 4 ) 4 ( 2 ) 7 )( 1 (
11 ) 5 ( 5 ) 0 ( 10 ) 2 ( 7
1
4
7
5
0
2
1 1 3
0 4 2
1 2 1

5
10
7

4
2
1
1 0 1
1 4 2
3 2 1

Then
5
0
2
,
4
2
1
,
1 0 1
1 4 2
3 2 1

that Suppose
= + + =
= + + =
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
v u
v u
v
u
v u
T
T
A
A

A







A








A
A Dot Product View of Matrix
Multiplication (1/2)
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
(

+ + +
= =
rj
j
j
ir i i
rj ir j i j i
ij ij
b

b
b
B j
... a a a
A i
b a b a b a
AB ij
n r b B r m a A

2
1
2 1
2 2 1 1

of tor column vec th the and

of vector row th the of product dot the is Which
...
is of entry th then the
matrix, an is and matrix an is If
A Dot Product View of Matrix
Multiplication (2/2)
b r r r
x r
x r
x r

b x
c r c r c r
c r c r c r
c r c r c r
c c c
r r r
of entries the are ,..., , and , of vectors row the are ..., where
(11)

as form product dot in expressed be can system linear A
(10)





as expressed be can product matrix then the , ...,
are of tors column vec the and ..., are of vectors row the if Thus,
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 1
2 1
2 1
m m
m m
n m m m
n
n
n
m
b b b A , ,
b
b
b
A



AB
AB , ,
B , , A
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

Example 6
A Linear System Written in
Dot Product Form
System

Dot Product Form

0 8 5
5 4 7 2
1 4 3
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
=
=
= +
x x x
x x x
x x x
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

0
5
1
) , , ( ) 8 , 5 , 1 (
) , , ( ) 4 , 7 , 2 (
) , , ( ) 1 , 4 , 3 (
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
x x x