Algebra

Topics:
Matrix
Equality of Matrices
Types of Matrix
Matrix Operations
Determinants of Matrix
Carmers rules (Determinant Method)
Applications
Matrix
A =
a11 ,., a1n
a21 ,., a2n
. . . .
am1 ,., amn





(

(
(
(
= Aij { }
A rectangular arrangement of mn numbers
into m horizontal rows and n vertical
columns enclosed by a pair of brackets [],
such as
Equality of Matrices
Two Matrices A and B are said to be equal,
written A=B, if they are of the same order and
if all corresponding entries are equal
(

=
4 3 2
0 1 5
A
(

+
=
2 2 3 2
0 1 3 2

x
B
Row Matrix
[1 x n] matrix


| | { } j n a a a a A , , 2 1 = .
A Matrix that has exactly one row is called Row
Matrix
Column Matrix
{ } i
m
a
a
a
a
A
2
1
=
(
(
(
(

.
=
[m x 1] matrix
A Matrix consisting of a single column is called
Column Matrix
Square Matrix
B =
5 4 7
3 6 1
2 1 3




(

(
(
An m X n matrix is said to be square matrix
of order n if m=n
Same number of rows and columns
Identity Matrix
I =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1





(

(
(
(
A Square matrix is said to be identity matrix
or unit matrix if all its main diagonal
elements are 1s and all other entries are 0s.
Triangular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be an upper
(lower) triangular matrix if all the elements
below(above) the main diagonal are zeros.
(
(
(

=
3 0 0
1 6 0
7 4 5
B
(
(
(

=
3 4 2
0 6 1
0 0 5
C
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix is said to be diagonal if
each of its entries not falling on the main
diagonal is zero.
(
(
(

=
3 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 5
B
Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix whoes all the diagonal
elements are equal is called a Scalar matrix
(
(
(

=
5 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 5
B
Transpose Matrix
A' =
a11 a21 ,., am1
a12 a22 ,., am2
. . . . .
a1n a2n ,., amn





(

(
(
(
Rows become columns and
columns become rows
Matrix Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Inverse
Addition
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
+ =
A B
+ =
Addition
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
+ =
6
12
8
10
A B
+ =
C
Addition Conformability
To add two matrices A and B:

# of rows in A = # of rows in B

# of columns in A = # of columns in
B
Two Matrices of same order
Subtraction
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
- =
B A
- =
Subtraction
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
- =
4
4
4
4
B A
- =
C
Subtraction Conformability
To subtract two matrices A and B:

# of rows in A = # of rows in B

# of columns in A = # of columns in
B
Two Matrices of same order
Problem: 1
An automobile dealer sells two car models,
standard and deluxe. Each is available in one of
two colors, white and red. His sales for the months
of January & February are given by the matrices
Jan:


Feb:


Find his total sales for each model and color for both
months.
Standard Deluxe
White 2 1
Red 3 4
Standard Deluxe
White 3 1
Red 2 3
Problem 2:
Three persons buy cold drinks of different
brands A, B & C. The first person buys 12
bottles of A, 5 bottles of B & 3 bottles of C.
The second person buys 4 bottles of A, 6
bottles of B & 10 bottles of C. The third
person buys 6 bottles of A, 7 bottles of B &
9 bottles of C. Represent these information
in the form of a matrix. If each bottle of
brand A costs Rs.4, Each of B costs Rs. 5
and each of C costs Rs. 6, then using matrix
operations. Find the total sum of money
spent individually by the three persons for
the purchase of cold drinks.








Multiplication Conformability
Regular Multiplication

To multiply two matrices A and B:

# of columns in A = # of rows in B

Multiply: A (m x n) by B (n by p)
Multiplication General Formula
C
ij
= A
ik
x B
kj
k=1
n
Multiplication I
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
Multiplication II
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
C
(5x1)
C
11
= A
11
x B
11 k=1
n
Multiplication III
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
C
(5x1)+(6x3)
C
11
= A
12
x B
21 k=2
n
Multiplication IV
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
C
23 (5x2)+(6x4)
C
12
= A
1k
x B
k2 k=1
n
Multiplication V
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
C
23
(7x1)+(8x3)
34
C
21
= A
2k
x B
k1 k=1
n
Multiplication VI
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
C
23 34
(7x2)+(8x4) 31
C
22
= A
2k
x B
k2 k=1
n
Multiplication VII
1
4
2
3
5
8
6
7
x =
A B
x =
C
23 34
31 46
m x n n x p m x p




DETERMINANTS OF A 3 X 3 MATRIX
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c
=
+
2 2
1
3 3
b c
a
b c
1 1
2
3 3
b c
a
b c
1 1
3
2 2
b c
a
b c
= ( )
1 2 3 3 2
a b c b c

+
( )
2 1 3 3 1
a bc b c
( )
3 1 2 2 1
a bc b c
= ( )
1 2 3 3 2
a b c b c
+ +
( )
2 1 3 3 1
( 1) a bc b c
( )
3 1 2 2 1
a bc b c
=
1 1
a A
+ +
2 2
a A
3 3
a A
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
=
( )
5 8 ( 3)
( )
( 3) 4 2 +
( )
8 3 ( 4)
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
=
( )
5 8 ( 3)
( )
( 3) 4 2 +
( )
8 3 ( 4)
=
55

( 6)
+
56
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
=
( )
5 8 ( 3)
( )
( 3) 4 2 +
( )
8 3 ( 4)
=
55

( 6)
+
56
=
117
Problem 2:
The annual sale volumes of three products X, Y, Z
whoes sales prices per unit are Rs.3.50, Rs.
2.75,Rs.1.50 respectively, in two different
markets I & II are shown below:
Product
Market X Y Z
I 6000 9000 13000
II 12000 6000 17000
Find the total revenue in each market with the help
of matrices.
Unary Operations: Inverse
Inverse of (2 x 2) matrix
Find determinant
Swap a
11
and a
22
Change signs of a
12
and a
21
Divide each element by determinant
Check by pre- or post-multiplying by
inverse
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
Find the determinant
= (a
11
x a
22
) - (a
21
x a
12
)
For




det(A) = (2x3) (1x5) = 1



2
3
5
1
=
A
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
Swap elements a
11
and a
22
Thus



becomes
2
3
5
1
=
A
3
2
5
1
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
Change sign of a
12
and a
21
Thus



becomes

3
2
5
1
=
A
3
2
-5
-1
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
Divide every element by the determinant
Thus



becomes



(luckily the determinant was 1)
3
2
-5
-1
=
A
3
2
-5
-1
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
Check results with A
-1
A = I
Thus



equals
3
2
-5
-1
x
1
1
0
0
2
3
5
1
CRAMERS RULE:
Its an application of determinants is to solve a

system of linear equations in which number of
variables are equal to the number of equations
and the coefficient matrix of the system of
equations is non-singular

Problem 3:
2x + 1y + 1z = 3
1x 1y 1z = 0
1x + 2y + 1z = 0

The point of Cramer's Rule is that you don't
have to solve the whole system to get the
one value you need. You just pick the
variable you want to solve for, replace that
variable's column of values in the coefficient
determinant with the answer-column's
values, evaluate that determinant, and
divide by the coefficient determinant. That's
all there is to it.