Plumbing Systems for Buildings

ARC 473/573

Common Plumbing Systems

Sanitary Drainage System Storm Drainage System Domestic Water System Domestic Water Heating System Plumbing Fixtures Plumbing Specialties Miscellaneous Plumbing Systems
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Sanitary Drainage System

Conveys Waste and Sewage from all plumbing fixtures to an approved or acceptable disposal location

Community sewer system

Sewage is treated, and returned to the environment

Septic field (See Section 11.6 MEEB)

Local sewage disposal system

Drainage Pipe Materials

Commonly Used Materials

Cast Iron Pipe Copper pipe, type DWV Plastic pipe, type PVC

Components of Sanitary Drainage Systems

A plumbing fixture is any device used to supply water for use, and to collect waste water, waste products, as well as human waste. Waste and sewage drain by gravity, wherever possible. Fixture branch horizontal drainage pipe collecting drainage from plumbing fixtures. Soil & Waste Stacks vertical pipe collecting discharge from fixtures and fixture branches. Building Drain horizontal pipe which collects all soil and waste stacks, extends to 5 ft beyond outside wall. piping.

Components of Sanitary Drainage System (Contd)

Building Sewer Extends from a point 5 ft. outside building and discharges to community sewer, or private disposal system. Building trap a trap installed in the building drain to prevent gases, rodents, etc. from entering the building thru the sewer. When used, a fresh air inlet is required to prevent siphoning the trap seal. Cleanout a provision in the sanitary drainage piping to cleanout blockages. Required every 100 ft. on horizontal lines, at base of waste or soil stacks, at change of direction of piping g.t. 45 degrees.
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Components of Sanitary Drainage System (Contd)

Drainage piping conveying discharge from water closets, referred to as soil pipe. A sewage ejection pump is used for toilet rooms below the level of the sanitary sewer. Generally, two pumps are used, one to back up the other.

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Sanitary Drainage Plan for Branch Bank

Isometric Detail of Sanitary Drainage Piping

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Traps and Venting

A plumbing trap is a device used to provide a water seal at the outlet of a plumbing fixture. Every plumbing fixture requires a trap. The trap serves to seal out methane and other harmful gases that reside in the sewer. Each time the fixture is used, a small amount of water remains in the pipe or trapway. Traps prone to evaporation (floor drains) require a means of replenishing the trap. Water closets and urinals generally have built-in traps.
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Fixture Trap and Vent

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Fixture Trap

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Venting

Lavatories, sinks, floor drains, drinking fountains generally have traps made from pipe. Each fixture trap must be vented to atmosphere (outdoors) Water and waste accelerating down pipe pushes air in front, creates partial vacuum behind tends to create unbalanced pressure in piping. A vent is a separate pipe connected to the fixture drain pipe downstream of the trap. The vent serves to relieve excess pressures that could blow out, or suction out the water forming the trap seal. Individual fixture vent pipes must be the diameter of the fixture drain, and minimum 1-1/4 diameter.

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Plumbing Fixtures

Water Closet

Operates by principal of siphon

Refer to ANSI A117.1 for Barrier Free Design requirements Types

Flush Tank typically for residential use Flush Valve typically for non-residential use Floor mounted typically for residential use Wall mounted typically for non-residential use Requires Fixture Carrier

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Plumbing Fixtures (Contd)

Urinals

Wall Hung Floor (rarely used)

Lavatories Wall Hung Splash back (most common) Slab Shelf Back Ledge Back

In Counter Under Counter

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Maximum Flow Rates and Consumption of Plumbing Fixtures

Water closet: 1.6 gallons/flush Urinal: 1.0 gallons/flush Shower head: 2.5 gpm at 80 psi Lavatory, private: 2.2 gpm at 60 psi Lavatory, public, non-metering: .5 gpm at 60 psi Lavatory, public, metering: .25 gallons per metering cycle Sink faucet: 2.2 gpm at 60 psi.
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Flush Valve, Wall Hung Water Closet

American Standard Corp. Afwall

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Water Closet Fixture Carrier

Steel carrier bolts to floor Cantilevered water closet bolts to carrier Josam Corporation

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Flush Valve, Floor Mounted Water Closet

Does not require a fixture carrier Floor maintenance is more difficult American Standard Corp. Madera

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Floor Mounted, Floor Outlet, Tank Type Water Closet

Typical Residential Design American Standard Corp. Cadet

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Floor Mounted, Wall Outlet Tank Type Water Closet

American Standard Yorkville

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Wall Mounted Urinal

American Standard Lynbrook

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Wall Mounted Lavatory, Splashback Design

American Standard Lucerne

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Wall Mounted Wheelchair Lavatory Slab Design

American Standard Wheelchair Users Lavatory

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Lavatory Fixture Carrier

Carrier is framed within wall. Arms carry weight of cantilevered lavatory Josam Corp.

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Vitreous China Counter Sink

American Standard Standard Collection Countertop Sink

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Counter Sink w/ ADA Faucet

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Mop Receptor in Janitors Closet

2x2 unit shown Wall mounted faucet, pail hook and hose Vacuum breaker prevents backflow

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Pipe Size

Fixture Unit Method Each Plumbing fixture is assigned a Drainage Fixture Unit DFU, Table 22.2, p. 1017 (p. 998 10th ed., p. 691, 9th ed.) Pipes are selected from tables based upon the number of DFUs that they carry, or vent. Table 22.3-22.5, pp. 1018-1020 (pp. 9991001 10th ed., pp. 693-695, 9th ed.)
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Pipe Size (Contd)

Example: A horizontal fixture branch conveys drainage from the following:

4 4 8 2

flushometer (flush valve) water closets urinals Lavatories Service sinks

How many fixture units does the pipe carry?

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Example (contd)

Refer to Table 22.2 4 w.c.s x 4 dfus = 16 4 urinals x 4 dfus = 16 8 lavatories x 1 dfu = 8 2 Sinks x 2 dfus = 4 Total: 44 dfu Refer to Table 22.3 a 4 dia. pipe is required.

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STORM DRAINAGE

Urbanization alters the natural storm water pathways that have developed over the centuries. Until recently, the accepted approach to storm water disposal has been to collect storm water using gutters, roof drains, catch basins, and convey it to a body of water (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams) through an underground piping system. Various pollutants, including salts, oil, chemicals, organic compounds, and harmful metals, are carried by surface drainage into piped storm drains and eventually pollute these bodies of water.
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Sources of Pollutants

Motor Vehicles Manufacturing Plant Emissions Lawn fertilizing Animal waste Garbage Construction debris Etc.

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Storm Drainage (Contd)

NYS DEC now requires a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for any site disturbance greater than one acre. The storm water must be treated to filter out the majority of harmful contaminants. The US Green Building Councils LEED Rating System provides credits for buildings which promote sustainable sites, including storm water management.
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Storm Drainage (Contd)

Use of on-site disposal methods reduces the burden on the community storm water disposal system, and include:

Roof retention the roof acts as a temporary storage volume, releasing the collected rainwater slowly, either as on-site infiltration, or to storm sewers at a slower rate, thus not overtaxing the community storm water system. Onsite Infiltration storm water is collected and discharged to the ground onsite. Useful Where soils are dry and absorptive. In buildings with basements or crawlspaces, footing drains must be included with sump pumps to prevent water from penetrating foundation and leaking into basement. Porous pavement uses high porosity asphalt, concrete, incremental paving units, and open celled pavers to allow surface drainage to penetrate to earth on the site.

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Collection Systems

The roof is intentionally designed to drain to: Roof drains (flat roof areas) Gutters (sloped roofs) Roof drains connect to roof leaders or conductors, which are vertical pipes that ultimately connect to underground building storm drain piping. Gutters drain to downspouts, which are either connected to the storm sewer, or simply drain to splash blocks, drywells, or other onsite disposal means.
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Collection Systems (Contd)

Gutters and downspouts in northern climates often develop ice, which presents problems during thaw periods. Sometimes electric heating cable is interlaced along a perimeter band of sloped roofs and gutters, so as to keep them operating during freeze/thaw periods. Indoor roof leaders or conductors should be insulated, so as to prevent condensation from forming on the pipes and dripping on to interior finish materials. Conventional roof drains are common, which include a domed shaped strainer to restrict entry of leaves, seeds, etc. Controlled flow roof drains are constructed so as to moderate the flow of storm water through them. Some buildings with sloped roofs intentionally omit gutters. Overhangs drain above gravel trenches, which can serve to initiate on-site infiltration in dry soils, or drain through subsoil piping to an appropriate location.

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Size of roof drains, gutters and downspouts:

The magnitude of the 100 year rainfall in the locality must first be assessed. (Buffalo, NY 2-1/2 per hour, although many designers use 4.) Select practical locations for locations of roof drains or gutters. For flat roofs, roof insulation can be built up and formed to provide required pitch. Roof drain areas should be subdivided into several small areas, as well as separate standalone roofs, such as vestibule overhangs, etc.
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Example:

Select roof drains for a 6000 s.f. flat roof, where it is convenient to divide the roof into four square drainage areas, in Miami, Florida

Solution: Refer to rainfall map, p. 894 (p. 884 10th ed.,p. 562 9th ed.) MEEB: Maximum 1 hour rainfall for Miami is 4.5-5/hr. Use 5. The horizontal projected area per roof drain is 6000/4 = 1500 s.f. th ed., p. 568, 9th Refer to Table 20.8, p. 899 (p. 889 10 ed.) At 5 rainfall per hour: A 3 roof drain will drain 1288 s.f. (too small) A 4 roof drain will drain 2768 s.f.

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Example (Contd)

Use the 4 dia. roof drains, which will afford (27681288)/2768 x 100% = 53% additional capacity. Gutters are selected in a similar way, but slope must also be considered. For example, if this building used a sloped roof with the same horizontal projected area, and four individual gutter segments were used to collect water from the roof, a 7 dia. gutter would be required at 1/8 per foot slope; a 6 diameter gutter at per foot slope see Table 20.7 (Table 9.7, 9th ed.)
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Domestic Water Systems

Potable water defined as water that is suitable for drinking. Requirement for potable water: Every structure equipped with plumbing fixtures and used for human occupancy or habitation must provide potable water. (NYS 602.1) Water Sources Community water supply Water obtained from municipalities is generally treated and safe to drink
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Domestic Water Systems (contd)

Well Water obtained from wells must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. In NYS, must comply with applicable NYS Health Department requirements.

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Domestic Water Systems (Contd)

Generally, well water can be made potable by on-site treatment systems. The water is first tested to determine the type of treatment that is required. Types of contamination

Bacterial Chemical Radiological

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Materials for Piping

NYS code permits various piping materials to be used for water service piping and water distribution piping. Generally, the most popular materials are:
Water Service Pipe

Type K copper tubing ASTM B75, B88, B251, B447 Cement lined ductile iron pipe AWWA C151, AWWA C115 PVC plastic pipe ASTM D1785, D2241, D2672

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Materials for Piping (Contd)

Water Distribution Pipe

Type L, M copper tubing ASTM B75, B88, B251, B447 Galvanized steel pipe ASTM A53 CPVC plastic pipe ASTM D2847, F441, F442, CSA B137.6 All new water distribution piping must be purged of harmful matter and disinfected in accordance with NYS Health regulations. (NYS 602.3.4)
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Disinfection of piping

Components of the Water Distribution System

Water Services

Corporation valve

A connection to the street main that is approved by the municipal water authority, consisting of a connection or tap, and a valve. An underground valve accessible from the surface to enable shut-off of the water service from outside of a building. Records water consumption for revenue billing and other purposes.

Curb valve

Water meter

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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Backflow preventer Prevents water from within a building from flowing back into the public water main, which would otherwise contaminate the public water supply. Types: Double check valve Reduced Pressure Zone

Must adhere to Health department requirements

Heated, lighted enclosure Cannot be located in basement or underground

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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Main Shut off valve A means to shut off all water supply from within a building.

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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Pressure reducing valve Required where pressure exceeds 80 psi High water pressures can damage plumbing fixtures, cause leaks Water distribution piping Types: Upfeed City Pressure Pumped Downfeed
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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Risers Isolation Valves Isolation valves required at each riser Stop valves required at each plumbing fixture

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Isometric Detail of Domestic Water Piping for Branch Bank

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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Piping must be installed to drain to a convenient drain valve, for repairs, winterization for unoccupied periods. Water hammer Quick closing valves cause water pressure shock waves, causing pipe noise and vibration, as well as possible damage. Water hammer arrestors absorb excess pressure, and are required near all quick closing valves. (NYS 604.9) Protection from freezing Avoid locating domestic water piping in exterior 53 walls.

Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Provisions for drainage Pipe Insulation Required for energy conservation for all hot water piping. To prevent condensation on cold water pipes. Water Heating equipment Types: Direct fired heating appliance is located where water is heated. Most Common type used in residences Consists of insulated storage tank, gas burner
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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Water Heaters (Contd) Indirect fired heating appliance located separate from where water is heated Storage type Water heated in separate boiler, pump circulates hot water to heat exchanger located in a separate storage tank. Used where large quantities of hot water are required at intervals, where required quantities fluctuate, or where there is a limited amount of available energy, e.g. schools.
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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Instantaneous type Water is heated almost instantaneously as it flow through tubes surrounding a coil. Used for applications with a continuous hot water flow demand. Semi-instantaneous type Small storage tank and instantaneous water heater with control system used where there are space restrictions for large water heating system.

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Water Heater Installation Detail

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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Relief valves As water temperature increases in confined volume, pressure increases; beyond limit, tank could rupture and cause harm/damage. A pressure and temperature relief valve is required on all above with storage tanks. Provisions to prevent scalding Hot water systems must be designed to limit hot water temperature at plumbing fixtures within safe temperature (110 deg F.) Lavatories, sinks
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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Provisions to prevent scalding (contd) Shower valves Pressure balancing valves Automatically compensate for fluctuations in hot and cold water pressures.

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Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)

Hot water re-circulating system Pump generally used to continuously circulate hot water from heater to hot water pipes supplying most remote fixtures, to eliminate delay when hot water faucet is first opened. Often controlled by time clock and thermostat. Wall hydrants, hose bibs for connecting hoses. Vacuum breakers required to prevent backflow.

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Hot Water Recirculating System

Provides continuous circuit for hot water to flow during occupied periods of the building. Hot water is instantly available at lavatories and sinks no waiting or wasted water.
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Pipe Sizes

Sizes established based upon fixture unit method Each fixture assigned a water supply fixture unit value for hot, cold, and total consumption. Fixture units convert to gallons per minute flow based upon Hunters curve Pipes sized so as to provide required pressure at each fixture when water is flowing through them. th Refer to Section 21.11 beginning on p. 986 11 ed.

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Some Sustainable Design Strategies

Minimize water usage

Low Flow Fixtures

Collect & store rainwater

Exceed flow rates established by Energy Policy Act 1992 (>30% = LEED Credit) Waterless urinals Two stage flush toilets Flow restrictors on showers Metering faucets For flush toilets/urinals For irrigation systems Other uses

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Sustainable Design Strategies (contd)

Minimize energy use

Occupancy controlled hot water recirculating systems High efficiency domestic water heaters Exceed best practice values for domestic hot water pipe insulation

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