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html INTRODUCTION TO GAGING USED BY TOOL DESIGNER

Gage
A gage is defined as a device for the investigating the dimensional fitness of part for a specified function. Gage is defined by ANSI as a process of measuring manufactured materials to assure the specified uniformity of size and contour required by Industries. Gages controls the dimensions of a product within the prescribed limitations. It segregates or rejects products that are outside these limitations.

Basic elements of the work-piece goemtry (checked by guages): Distance Flatness Parallelism Perpendicularity Angularity Concentricity Surface texture

Need for tolerances:-

Why??????????????? The elements of workpiece goemtry are theoretical and are unattainable in actual machining practices. So..

Types of gages used in the industry: Fixed gages Indicating gages Combination gages

Gage Tolerance
A fixed gage must be made to a manufacturing tolerance . Inspection gage should be 10 times more accurate as dimension being measured. Please refer Table at page no. 456

Selection of Gage material

Factors : Tolerance to be checked, no. of items, composition & hardness of material, cost and complexity of work piece to be gauged. Properties: Dimensional stability, Wear resistance Tungsten carbides for solid gages for good stability, good thermal expansion & Wear resistance, but high price. Chromium plating gages increases wear resistance & corrosion resistance Please refer Table at page no. 458

Fixed Gages
Fixed Gages: While the adjustable tools just described are available for a large range of work, gages of one dimension, or fixed gages, are used to a considerable extent, especially in shops where work of a duplicate character is produced in large quantities. These may be used for standards to which adjustable gages may be set, or used directly in connection with the work in the same manner as an adjustable gage.

Types of Fixed Gages

Ring Gages(For Cylindrical surfaces) Receiving Gages(For contour of noncircular) Plug Gages(For uniformity of holes) Pin gages(For large holes than 3 in) Snap gages(length, thickness,dia) Length gages Flush- pin gages (depth of slots) Thread gage(lead , angle, roundness, thread form, dia) Form gages(form or contour) Template gages (position & dimensions of two adjacent surfaces) Go not Go gages

Plug and Ring Gages

Plug and ring gages, furnish accurate and convenient standards for the production of duplicate parts of machines. The same result is attained by the caliper gage, which combines the two gages in one piece. In this form the external gage has parallel plane surfaces and the internal gage is a section of a cylinder. In sizes above 3 inches, the caliper gage is usually made in two parts, making the tool easier to handle. To inspect hole size of a part, the Go gage is inserted into the hole. If the gage can be entered into the hole, then the hole is considered to be above its low limit. Following that, the No Go gage is used: if it enters the hole, than the hole is too big.

Plug and Ring Gages

Caliper Gages

Snap gages: Flush pin gages

 Form gage

Template gage:-

Length gauges

Go and No Go Gages
Go Gage is used, serving as the equivalent to one of the part's specified features. If the Go Gage fits into the part, then it stands to reason that the mating part does not have excessive material and will also fit, ensuring proper assembly. Likewise, if the No Go Gage does not fit into the part, it shows that the feature under inspection is not lacking material or is not too large and consequently too loose. The Go, No Go Gaging practice is a quick, efficient, and cost-effective verification that part dimensions meet drawing requirements and will assemble and function properly.

Limit Gage

Limit Gage with Jaws Opposite.

Limit Gage with Jaws in Series.

Thread Gages

Wire gage

Fillet or Radius Gages

Indicating Gages
Indicating gages detects variations and display them on dial or graduated scale. A gage consisting essentially of a case and mounting, a spindle carrying the contact point, an amplifying mechanism, a pointer, and a graduated dial; used to amplify and measure the displacement of a movable contact point. Types: Mechanical indicators Pneumatic gages Electrical & electronic indicators. Fixturing Indicating gages

Indicating Gages
Odometer: An instrument that indicates distance traveled by a vehicle.

An electronic odometer with digital display

A mechanical odometer with trip meter below.

Automatic Gages
Automatic gaging machine or fixture is a device that performs 1.Inspection of no. of independent dimensions and passing of only those work pieces which come within the set tolerances, 2. Separation of work pieces into no. of classes according to their actual dimensions. 3.Combination of above functions The work pieces on multistation machine are carried automatically from one gaging station to other The skilled applications engineers visit customers plant to survey product & processes. Then they plan, justify and Integrate a system according to operation. Automated gaging system are constructed of components which have pneumatic, electrical, mechanical or electronic sensing devices and are combined with various mechanisms for transferring, orienting , sequencing, classifying, accepting and rejecting work pieces.