Garis-garis Besar Perkuliahan

1. Sistem Persamaan Linier

2. Matriks dan Operasinya
3. Determinan dan Sifat-sifatnya
UTS
4. Ruang Vektor
5. Basis dan Dimensi
6. Ruang Hasil Kali Dalam
7. Transformasi Linier
UTS
8. Matriks Transformasi Linier
9. Keserupaan
10. Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen
11. Diagonalisasi
Himpunan berhingga persamaan linier
dengan variabel
disebut sistem persamaan linier atau
sistem linier.

Barisan bilangan-bilangan
yang memenuhi sistem persamaan
disebut solusi dari sistem.

Sistem yang tidak mempunyai solusi
dikatakan inconsistent ;Jika ada,
paling sedikit satu solusi, dikatakan
consistent.


n
x x x ,..., ,
2 1
n
s s s ,..., ,
2 1
m n mn m m
n n
n n
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
...

...
...
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 2 12 1 11

Sistem dengan m
persamaan linier dan n variabel
SOLUSI
Setiap sistem persamaan linier mempunyai tepat
satu solusi atau takhingga banyak solusi atau
tidak mempunyai solusi

Perhatikan sistem persamaan linier 2 peubah
berikut :


Dua garis sejajar tidak mempunyai solusi
Dua garis berpotongan tepat disatu titik tidak
ada solusi
Dua garis berhimpit mempunyai takhingga
banyak solusi
zero) both not , (
zero) both not , (
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
b a c y b x a
b a c y b x a
= +
= +
AUGMENTED MATRICES
m n mn m m
n n
n n
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
...

...
...
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 2 12 1 11

(
(
(
(

m mn m m
n
n
b a a a
b a a a
b a a a
...

...
...
2 1
2 2 22 21
1 1 12 11

The location of the +s, the xs,
and the =s can be abbreviated
by writing only the rectangular
array of numbers.
This is called the augmented
matrix for the system.
Note: must be written in the
same order in each equation as
the unknowns and the
constants must be on the right.

1th column
1th row
OPERASI BARIS ELEMENTER
Metode untuk menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linier adalah
mengubah sistem yang diberikan ke dalam sistem baru yang
mempunyai himpunan solusi yang sama tetapi lebih mudah
cara menyelesaikannya.
Jika baris-baris dari matrik augmented berkorespondensi dengan
persamaan2 dalam sistem yang bersesuaian, sistem yang baru
diperoleh dengan melakukan deretan langkah-langkah operasi
berikut:
1. Urutan dua persamaan dapat dipertukarkan
2. Mengalikan persamaan dengan bilangan real tak nol
3. Menjumlahkan kelipatan satu persamaan pada persamaan yang
lain.
Langkah-langkah ini disebut operasi baris elementer.
Equation Method
1. Interchange two
equations.
2. Multiply an equation
through by an nonzero
constant.
3. Add a multiple of one
equation to another.
Analogous Matrix Method
1. Interchange two rows of
a matrix.
2. Multiply the elements of
a row by a nonzero
constant.
3. Add a multiple of the
elements of one row to
the corresponding
elements of another row.
OPERASI BARIS ELEMENTER
Contoh 1
Selesaikan sistem persamaan linier berikut.
6 2
3 3 2
2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
=
= + +
= + +
x x x
x x x
x x x
(
(

6 2 1 1
3 1 3 2
2 1 1 1
6 2
3 3 2
2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
=
= + +
= + +
x x x
x x x
x x x
Solution
Equation Method
Initial system:
Analogous Matrix Method
Augmented matrix:
1
2
3 2
3 2 1
=
= + +
x x
x x x
Eq2+(2)Eq1
Eq3+(1)Eq1
(
(

8 3 2 0
1 1 1 0
2 1 1 1
R2+(2)R1
R3+(1)R1
~
~ row equivalent
8 3 2
3 2
= x x
10 5
1
3 2
3
3 2
3 1
=
=
= +
x
x x
x x
(
(

0 1 5 0 0
1 1 1 0
3 2 0 1
2
1
3 2
3
3 2
3 1
=
=
= +
x
x x
x x
(
(

2 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
3 2 0 1
2
1
1
3
2
1
=
=
=
x
x
x
(
(
(

2 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
Eq1+(1)Eq2
Eq3+(2)Eq2
(1/5)Eq3
Eq1+(2)Eq3
Eq2+Eq3
The solution is
. 2 , 1 , 1
3 2 1
= = = x x x
8 3 2
1
2
3 2
3 2
3 2 1
=
=
= + +
x x
x x
x x x
(
(

8 3 2 0
1 1 1 0
2 1 1 1
R1+(1)R2
R3+(2)R2
~
(1/5)R3
~
R1+(2)R3
R2+R3
~
Selesaikan sistem
8 3 3
18 5 2
12 4 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= +
= +
x x x
x x x
x x x
Solution
(
(

8 3 3 1
18 5 1 2
12 4 2 1
(
(

4 1 1 0
6 3 3 0
12 4 2 1
R2
3
1
|
.
|

\
|
~
(
(

4 1 1 0
2 1 1 0
12 4 2 1
(
(

6 2 0 0
2 1 1 0
8 2 0 1
(
(
(

3 1 0 0
2 1 1 0
8 2 0 1
R1 R3
2)R1 ( R2
+
+
~
R2 ) 1 ( R3
(2)R2 R1
+
+
~
R3
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
~
(
(
(

3 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
2 0 0 1
R3 R2
2)R3 ( R1
+
+
~
.
3
1
2
3
2
1

=
=
=
x
x
x
solution
Contoh 2
Selesaikan sistem
+ =
+ =
=
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2
4 8 12 44
3 6 8 32
2 7
x x x
x x x
x x



(
(
(

7 0 1 2
32 8 6 3
44 12 8 4
(
(
(

7 0 1 2
32 8 6 3
11 3 2 1
(
(
(

15 6 3 0
1 1 0 0
11 3 2 1
(
(
(

1 1 0 0
5 2 1 0
11 3 2 1
(
(
(

1 1 0 0
5 2 1 0
1 1 0 1
.
1 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
2 0 0 1

(
(
(

, , . = = =
1 3
2 3 1 x x x
2
The solution is
R2
3
1
|
.
|

\
|
~
R1 2 R3
3)R1 ( R2
+
+
~
R3 R2
~
(
(
(

1 1 0 0
15 6 3 0
11 3 2 1
R1
4
1
|
.
|

\
|
~
2)R2 ( R1 +
~
2R3 R2
1)R3 ( R1
+
+
~
Solution
Contoh 3
Solve the following three systems of linear equations, all of which
have the same matrix of coefficients.
+ =
+ =
+ =
1 2 3 1
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 3
3
2 4
2 4
x x x b
x x x b
x x x b
for
, ,
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
=
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
2
3
8 0 3
11 1 3
11 2 4
b
b
b
in turn
Solution
(
(

4 2 11 4 2 1
3 1 11 4 1 2
3 0 8 3 1 1
, , .
= = =


= = =


= = =

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
1 0 2
1 3 1
2 1 2
x x x
x x x
x x x

(
(

1 2 3 1 1 0
3 1 5 2 1 0
3 0 8 3 1 1
(
(
(
(

2 1 2 1 0 0
3 1 5 2 1 0
0 1 3 1 0 1
(
(
(
(

2 1 2 1 0 0
1 3 1 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 0 1
R2+(2)R1
R3+R1
~
1)R2 ( R3
R2 R1
+
+
~
R3 2 R2
R3 ) 1 ( R1
+
+
~
The solutions to
the three systems are
Contoh 4
Bentuk Eselon Baris
Matriks dikatakan Eselon-baris apabila memenuhi
persyaratan berikut :
1.) Di setiap baris, angka pertama selain 0 harus 1 (leading
1).
2.) Jika ada baris yang semua elemennya nol, maka harus
dikelompokkan di baris akhir dari matriks.
3.) Jika ada baris yang leading 1 maka leading 1 di
bawahnya, angka 1-nya harus berada lebih kanan dari
leading 1 di atasnya.
4.) Jika kolom yang memiliki leading 1 angka selain 1
adalah nol maka matriks tersebut disebut Eselon-baris
tereduksi

CONTOH BENTUK ESELON BARIS &
ESELON BARIS TEREDUKSI
- Bentuk eselon baris
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

0 0
0 0
,
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
3 1 0 0 0
1 0 2 1 0
,
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
,
1 1 0 0
7 0 1 0
4 0 0 1
- Bentuk eselon baris tereduksi:
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 6 2 1 0
,
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 1
,
5 1 0 0
2 6 1 0
7 3 4 1
All matrices of the following types are in row-echelon form
(any real numbers substituted for the *s.)
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
* 0 * * 1 0 0 0 0 0
* 0 * * 0 1 0 0 0 0
* 0 * * 0 0 1 0 0 0
* 0 * * 0 0 0 * 1 0
,
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
* * 1 0
* * 0 1
,
0 0 0 0
* 1 0 0
* 0 1 0
* 0 0 1
,
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
* * * * 1 0 0 0 0 0
* * * * * 1 0 0 0 0
* * * * * * 1 0 0 0
* * * * * * * * 1 0
,
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
* * 1 0
* * * 1
,
0 0 0 0
* 1 0 0
* * 1 0
* * * 1
,
1 0 0 0
* 1 0 0
* * 1 0
* * * 1
All matrices of the following types are in reduced row-echelon form
(any real numbers substituted for the *s.)
CONTOH BENTUK ESELON BARIS & ESELON BARIS TEREDUKSI

CONTOH 5(a)
(
(
(

4 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
5 0 0 1
(a)
4
2 -
5
=
=
=
z
y
x
Penyelesaian:
The corresponding
system of equations is
Misalkan matrik augmented untuk sistem persamaan
linear telah direduksi dengan operasi baris dan
menghasilkan bentuk eselon baris elementer.
Selesaikan sistem berikut:

CONTOH 5 (b1)
(
(
(

2 3 1 0 0
6 2 0 1 0
1 4 0 0 1
(b)
Solution
1. The corresponding
system of equations is
2 3
6 2
1 - 4
4 3
4 2
4 1
= +
= +
= +
x x
x x
x x
leading
variables
free variables

CONTOH 5 (b2)
4 3
4 2
4 1
3 - 2
2 - 6
4 - 1 -
x x
x x
x x
=
=
=
t x
t x
t x
t x

, 3 2
, 2 6
, 4 1
4
3
2
1
=
=
=
=
2. We see that the free variable can be
assigned an arbitrary value, say t, which
then determines values of the leading
variables.
3. There are infinitely many
solutions, and the general
solution is given by the
formulas
(
(
(
(

0 0 0 0 0 0
2 5 1 0 0 0
1 3 0 1 0 0
2 4 0 0 6 1
(c)
2 5
1 3
2 - 4 6
5 4
5 3
5 2 1
= +
= +
= + +
x x
x x
x x x
Solution

CONTOH 5 (c1)
1.
5 4
5 3
5 2 1
5 - 2
3 - 1
4 - 6 - 2 -
x x
x x
x x x
=
=
=
t x
t x
t x
s x
t s x
=
=
=
=
=
5
4
3
2
1
, 5 - 2
3 - 1
, 4 - 6 - 2 -

CONTOH 5 (c2)
2.
3.
(
(
(

1 0 0 0
0 2 1 0
0 0 0 1
(d)
Solution
The last equation in the corresponding system
of equation is
Since this equation cannot be satisfied, there is
no solution to the system.
1 0 0 0
3 2 1
= + + x x x

CONTOH 5 (d)
METODE ELIMINASI (1/7)
Langkah-langkah elimination (prosedur yang
digunakan untuk mereduksi matrik ke bentuk
eselon baris tereduksi)
(
(
(

1 5 6 5 4 2
28 12 6 10 4 2
12 7 0 2 0 0
Step1. Locate the leftmost column that does not consist entirely
of zeros.




Step2. Interchange the top row with another row, to bring a
nonzero entry to top of the column found in Step1.
(
(
(

1 5 6 5 4 2
28 12 6 10 4 2
12 7 0 2 0 0
Leftmost nonzero column
(
(
(

1 5 6 5 4 2
12 7 0 2 0 0
28 12 6 10 4 2
The 1th and 2th rows in the
preceding matrix were
interchanged.
METODE ELIMINASI (2/7)
Step3. If the entry that is now at the top of the column found in
Step1 is a, multiply the first row by 1/a in order to introduce a
pivot 1.



Step4. Add suitable multiples of the top row to the rows below so
that all entries below the pivot 1 become zeros.
(
(
(

1 5 6 5 4 2
12 7 0 2 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
(
(
(

29 17 0 5 0 0
12 7 0 2 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
-2 times the 1st row of the
preceding matrix was added to
the 3rd row.
The 1st row of the preceding
matrix was multiplied by 1/2.
METODE ELIMINASI (3/7)
Step5. Now cover the top row in the matrix and begin again
with Step1 applied to the sub-matrix that remains. Continue in
this way until the entire matrix is in row-echelon form.
(
(
(

29 17 0 5 0 0
12 7 0 2 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
(
(
(

29 17 0 5 0 0
6 0 1 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
2
7
The 1st row in the sub-matrix
was multiplied by -1/2 to
introduce a pivot 1.
Leftmost nonzero column
in the submatrix
METODE ELIMINASI (4/7)
Step5 (cont.)
(
(
(

2 1 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
2
7
(
(
(

1 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
2
1
2
7
(
(
(

1 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
2
1
2
7
-5 times the 1st row of the sub-
matrix was added to the 2nd row of
the sub-matrix to introduce a zero
below the pivot 1.
The top row in the sub-matrix was
covered, and we returned again Step1.
The first (and only) row in the
new sub-matrix was multiplied
by 2 to introduce a pivot 1.
Leftmost nonzero column in
the new sub-matrix
The entire matrix is now in row-echelon form.
METODE ELIMINASI (5/7)
Step6. Beginning with last nonzero row and working upward, add suitable
multiples of each row to the rows above to introduce zeros above the pivot 1s.
(
(
(

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
7 0 3 0 2 1
7/2 times the 3rd row of the
preceding matrix was added to
the 2nd row.
(
(
(

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
14 6 3 5 2 1
(
(
(

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
2 0 3 5 2 1
-6 times the 3rd row was added to
the 1st row.
The last matrix is in reduced row-echelon form.
5 times the 2nd row was added to
the 1st row.
METODE ELIMINASI(6/7)
Step1~Step5: the above procedure produces a
row-echelon form and is called Gaussian
elimination.
Step1~Step6: the above procedure produces a
reduced row-echelon form and is called
Gaussian-Jordan elimination.
Every matrix has a unique reduced row-
echelon form but a row-echelon form of a given
matrix is not unique.
METODE ELIMINASI (7/7)
EXAMPLE 6
GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION (1/4)
Solve by Gauss-Jordan Elimination





Solution
The augmented matrix for the system is
6 18 4 8 6 2
5 15 10 5
1 3 4 2 5 6 2
0 x 2 2 3
6 5 4 2 1
6 4 3
6 5 4 3 2 1
5 3 2 1
= + + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
(
(
(
(

6 18 4 8 0 6 2
5 15 0 10 5 0 0
1 - 3 - 4 2 - 5 - 6 2
0 0 2 0 2 - 3 1

Adding -2 times the 1st row to the 2nd and 4th rows gives





Multiplying the 2nd row by -1 and then adding -5 times the new 2nd
row to the 3rd row and -4 times the new 2nd row to the 4th row
gives
(
(
(
(

2 6 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 2 0 2 - 3 1

(
(
(
(

6 18 0 8 4 0 0
5 15 0 10 5 0 0
1 - 3 - 0 2 - 1 - 0 0
0 0 2 0 2 - 3 1

EXAMPLE 6
GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION (2/4)
Interchanging the 3rd and 4th rows and then multiplying the 3rd row of the
resulting matrix by 1/6 gives the row-echelon form.




Adding -3 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row and then adding 2 times the
2nd row of the resulting matrix to the 1st row yields the reduced row-
echelon form.
(
(
(
(

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 2 4 0 3 1

3
1
(
(
(
(

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 2 0 2 - 3 1

3
1
EXAMPLE 6
GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION (3/4)
The corresponding system of equations is




Solving for the leading variables in terms of the free variables




We assign the free variables, and the general solution is given by
the formulas:
3
1
6
5


x
=
= +
= + + +
x
x x
x x x
0 2
0 2 4 3
4 3
4 2 1
3
1
6
5


x
=
=
=
x
x x
x x x
4 3
4 2 1
2
2 4 3
3
1
6
= = = = = = x t x s x s x r x t s r x , , , 2 , , 2 4 3
5 4 3 2 1
EXAMPLE 6
GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION (4/4)
BACK-SUBSTITUTION
It is sometimes preferable to solve a system of linear
equations by using Gaussian elimination to bring the
augmented matrix into row-echelon form without
continuing all the way to the reduced row-echelon
form.
When this is done, the corresponding system of
equations can be solved by by a technique called back-
substitution.
Example 7
Example 7
Ex6 solved by Back-substitution(1/2)
From the computations in Example 4, a row-echelon form from the
augmented matrix is



To solve the corresponding system of equations



Step1. Solve the equations for the leading variables.
1
3
1 3 -2 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(
(
(
(
(

1 2 3 5
3 4 6
1
6 3
3 2 2x 0
2 3x 1

x x x
x x
x
+ + =
+ + =
=
1 2 3 5
3 4 6
1
6 3
3 2 2x
1 2 3

x x x
x x x
x
= +
=
=
Step2. Beginning with the bottom equation and working upward,
successively substitute each equation into all the equations above it.
Substituting x
6
=1/3 into the 2nd equation



Substituting x
3
=-2 x
4
into the 1st equation



Step3. Assign free variables, the general solution is given by the formulas.
1 2 4 5
3 4
1
6 3
3 4 2x
2

x x x
x x
x
=
=
=
3
1
6
4 3
5 3 2 1

2
x 2 2 3
=
=
+ =
x
x x
x x x
3
1
6 5 4 3 2 1
, , , 2 , , 2 4 3 = = = = = = x t x s x s x r x t s r x
Example 7
Ex6 solved by Back-substitution(2/2)
Example 7
Gaussian elimination(1/2)
Solve by Gaussian elimination and
back-substitution.

Solution
We convert the augmented matrix


to the row-echelon form


The system corresponding to this matrix is
0 5 6 3
1 3 4 2
9 2
= +
= +
= + +
z y x
z y x
z y x
(
(
(

0 5 6 3
1 3 4 2
9 2 1 1

(
(
(

3 1 0 0
1 0
9 2 1 1

2
17
2
7
3 , , 9 2
2
17
2
7
= = = + + z z y z y x
Solving for the leading variables



Substituting the bottom equation into those above




Substituting the 2nd equation into the top

3
, 2
, 3
=
=
=
z
y
y x
3
,
, 2 9
2
7
2
17
=
+ =
=
z
z y
z y x
3 , 2 , 1 = = = z y x
Example 7
Gaussian elimination(2/2)
HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF
LINEAR EQUATIONS
A system of linear equations is said to be homogeneous if all
the constant terms are zeros.
Example:

= +
= +
0 6 3 2
0 5 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
Observe that is a solution. 0 , 0 , 0
3 2 1
= = = x x x
A system of homogeneous linear equations in n variables always
has the solution x
1
= 0, x
2
= 0. , x
n
= 0. This solution is called
the trivial solution.
A system of homogeneous linear equations that has more variables
than equations has many solutions.
(

~ ~
(

0 4 1 0
0 3 0 1
0 6 3 2
0 5 2 1

= +
= +
0 6 3 2
0 5 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
The system has other nontrivial solutions.
r x r x r x = = =
3 2 1
, 4 , 3
Example:
HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF
LINEAR EQUATIONS