THE CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Power Point Presentation By :

Aditya Gupta & Alok Singh S.Y.Bsc ( Microbiology ) V.E.S. College

INTRODUCTION

1.

Leukocytes or WBCs are the cells responsible for for both nonspecific and specific immunity.

2.

leukocytes originate from pluripotent stem cells in the fetal liver and in the bone marrow of the animal host.

3.

Pluripotent Cells are the stem cells which has the potential to differentiate into one specific cells type.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN BLOOD CELL

1. Pluripotent stem cell i.e. Hematopoetic cells in the bone marrow divide into two blood cells ( A) The Lymphoid Stem Cells ( B ) The Myeloid Stem Cells

( A ) The Lymphoid Stem cells further gives rise to . B Cells which become antibody - secreting plasma cells T Cells - which become activated T cells TH & TC Natural Killer cells ( NK Cells ) ( B ) The Myeloid Stem cells further gives rise to . Granulocytes which comprises of Neutrophils , Basophils , Eosinophils. Monocytes which further gives rise to Macrophages & Dendritic cells Megakaryocytes - which produces platelets. Mast cells - which forms as a result of Putative mast cells precursors.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM

Mononuclear Cells ( Mononuclear Phagocytes )

Granulocytes
Mast Cells

Dendritic Cells
Lymphocytes

* MONONUCLEAR CELLS ( MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES ) *

MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES 1. Monocytes and macrophages are highly phagocytic and make up the monocytemacrophage system (MMS) or Reticuloendothelial system (RES).

2. Monocytes which is a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system 3. Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from hematopoetic stem cells precursors called monoblasts 4. Monocytes are kidney shaped nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm which stains basic dyes

5. Monocytes migrate from the bloodstream to other

tissues will then differentiate into macrophages

5. Macrophages are derived from monocytes and are also classified as mononuclear phagocytic leukocytes. 6. Contain organelles (especially lysosomes and phagolysosomes), and have a plasma membrane covered with ruffles or microvilli. 7. Macrophages have receptors to recognize components of pathogen which can coat microorganisms or foreign material and enhance phagocytosis. 8. these include mannose and fucose receptor and a special class of molecule called toll like receptors.

SITE OR LOCATION

NAME OF THE MACROPHAGE

1.

BRAIN

MICROGLIAL CELLS

2.

SKIN

TISSUE MACROPHAGE

3.

LUNGS

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE

4.

LIVER

KUPFFER CELLS

5.

SPLEEN

SPLENIC MACROPHAGE

6.

KIDNEY

MESANGIAL CELLS

7.

LYMPH NODE

RESIDENTIAL & RECIRCULATING MACROPHAGE

8.

BLOOD

MONOCYTES

9.

BONES

OSTEOCLASTS

10.

JOINT

SYNOVIAL A CELLS

* GRANULOCYTES *
1. Irregular shaped nuclei with two to five lobes, and are often called Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNLs).

2. cytoplasm matrix have granules that contain reactive substances which kills microorganisms and enhance inflammation .

3. Granulocytes are basically of three types : a. Basophils b. Eosinophils c. Neutrophils

(A). BASOPHILS
1. Irregular - shaped twisted nucleus with two lobes. 2. Granules stains bluish black with basic dyes 3. They are non - phagocytic , they functions by releasing specific compound from their cytoplasm granules in response to a certain stimulation. 4. These molecules include heparin ( anti-coagulant ), histamine , prostaglandins, serotonin , and leukotrienes 5. These molecules are also termed as vasoactive mediators because it influence the tone and diameter of the blood vessels 6. Basophils is associated with allergic responses . 7. these mediators play a major role in certain allergic responses such as eczema, hay fever, and asthama.

(B) EOSINOPHILS ( ACIDOPHILS )

1. Two- lobed (bi- lobed) nucleus connected by slender thread of chromatin. 2. Granules stain red with acidic dye. They are mobile cells that can migrate from the blood stream into tissue spaces. 3. They are non- phagocytic, their role is important in the defence against Protozoan and helminth parasites, mainly by releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites into the extracellular fluid to damage the parasites plasma membranes. 4. It play a role in allergic reaction as they have granules containing histaminase and aryl sulphatase which regulate the inflammatory mediators histamine and leukotrienes. 5. It number increases during allergic reaction , Especially type 1 hypersensitivity.

(C) NEUTROPHILS
1. stain readily at a neutral pH. 2. Have nucleus with three to five lobes connnected by slender of chromatin thus giving a beaded appearance 3. Because of the irregular shaped nuclei, neutrophils are also called polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs.) 4. it contain priamry and secondary granules. 5. granules contain lytic enzymes and bactericidal substances . which includes peroxidase, lysozyme, defensins, and various hydrolytic enzymes which is a component of primary granules. 6. It also includes collagenase, lactoferrin, cathelicidins, and lysozyme which is a component of secondary granules. 7. These helps intracellular digestion of foreign material after the phagocytosis process

* MAST CELLS *

1. It forms as a result of Putative mast cells precursors

2. it differentiate in the blood and connective tissue

3. They contain histamine & heparin which is an anti-coagulant and other active substances similar to those in basophils

4. Mast cells , along with basophils, play an important role in development of allergic responses and hypersensitivities

* DENDRITIC CELLS *
1. Play an important role in non- specific resistance but also initiate an effective specific immune responses 2. Present in the skin and the mucous membranes of the lungs, and intestine 3. dendritic cells function as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

4. They come into contact with the pathogens, phagocyte and process antigens, and displays foreign antigens on their surface.
5. this process is known as antigen presentation . 6. It recognizes specific pathogen-associated molecular pattern ( PAMPs) which enable dendritic cells to distinguish between pathogens and other host molecules 7. It triggers the activation of T Cells, which regulate an effective specific immune responses

* LYMPHOCYTES *
1. Major cells of the specific immune system.

2. It leaves the bone marrow , circulate in the blood and lymphatic systems , and reside in various lymphoid organs.

3. The lymphocytes involves adaptive immunity (i.e. B and T cells) differentiate further after exposure to an antigen ; they form effector and memory lymphocytes. 4. Because B and T Cells must be activated by specific antigens, they are included in adaptive or specific immune system 5. Lymphocytes can be divided into three populations : B cells , T cells , & NK cells

(A). B LYMPHOCYTES ( BURSA - DERIVED CELLS or B cells )

1. Mature within the bone marrow , this was first found in bursa of Fabricius In birds and hence named as B Lymphocyte

2. They circulate in blood and disperse into various lymphoid organs

3. When antigen encounters B cells differentiate into memory B cells and effector B cells also known as plasma cells or activated B cells

4. memory B cells have a longer life span than a nave cells and the have membrane bound antibody

5. Plasma B cells live for only a few day but can secrete enormous quantities of glycoprotein called antibodies during this time

6. Plasma B cells do not have membrane bound antibody

(B). T LYMPHOCYTES ( THYMUS CELLS or T cells )

1. It forms in the bone marrow but maturation takes place in thymus Gland and hence named as T Lymphocyte.

2. It can remain in the thymus , circulate in the blood , disperse into various lymphoid organslike spleen and lymph nodes.

3. When antigen encounters T cells it proliferates into memory T cells , T helper Cells (TH ) and T cytotoxic Cells ( TC ) 4. T helper cells displays CD 4 membrane Glycoprotein which release cytokines which helps in activating B Cells, Tc Cells , Macrophages etc 5. T cytotoxic cells dispalys CD 8 membrane Glycoproteins secretes lytic enzymes and proteins which kills altered or infected cells.

(C). NATURAL KILLER CELLS ( NK CELLS )

1. cells are a small population of large nonphagocytic granular lymphocytes so also referred to as (LGLs) 2. They play important role in innate Immunity

3 . NK cells are so called because they kill variety of target cells (such as tumour cells, virus-infected cells, transplanted cells) without the participation of MHC molecules.

4. they possess Fc receptors that bind IgG antibody. These receptors link the NK cells to IgG-coated target cells, which they kill by a process called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

MECHANISM OF NK CELLS IN KILLING TUMOUR CELLS

1.

Natural killer cells kills the cells by binding to the target cells ( e.g. Tumour cells )

2.

Cellular contact is necessary for this to occur.

3.

NK Cells shows the presence of prominent cytoplasm granules i.e. Azurophilic granules

4. When tumour comes into cellular contact the cytoplasm granules interferes with it and are released into the intercellular spaces at the contact point.

5. A lytic molecule (e.g. Protease and phospholipase enzymes ) creates pores in the target cells membarane result into the lysis of cells.

NK Cells seek, recognize, and destroy tumour cells as soon as they appear even before there are sufficient cells to stimulate a specific immune response.

7.

In this way, NK Cells serve as the first line of defense against cancer.