EVOLUTION & SPECIATION

VOCABULARY REVIEW
EVOLUTION CHANGE OVER TIME
NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS
BETTER ADAPTED TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.

A.K.A. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

NEW VOCABULARY
POPULATION GROUP OF
INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES THAT INTERBREED

GENE POOL COMMON GROUP OF

ALL GENES PRESENT IN A POPULATION

Gene Pool
Combined genetic info. of all members Allele frequency is # of times alleles occur

Variation in Populations
2 processes can lead to this: Mutations change in DNA sequence

Gene Shuffling from sexual reproduction

Genetic Drift changes populations. Random change in allele frequency causes an allele to become common

 Founder Effect:

a cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population

 Gene Flow:

genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations (reduces differences between populations)

 Nonrandom mating: inbreeding and

assortive mating (both shift frequencies of different genotypes)

 Natural Selection:
differential success in reproduction; only form of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment

Sexual selection
Sexual
dimorphism: secondary sex characteristic distinction selection towards secondary sex characteristics that leads to sexual dimorphism

Sexual selection:

Evolution of Populations
Occurs when there is a change in relative frequency of alleles

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant

mutation!

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant

Phenotype Expression

Depends on

how many genes control that trait

Single-Gene vs. Polygenic Traits

Single-Gene: 2 Distinct Phenotypes (EG: tongue rolling) Polygenic: Many Phenotypes

Allele Frequencies

Natural Selection

Genetic Drift

Single Gene Traits

Polygenic Traits

Directional Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Disruptive Selection

Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits

Shifts to
middle range

Shifts to
2 extremes

Shifts to
1 extreme

Conditions needed for Genetic Equilibrium

SPECIATION
THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES AS NEW SPECIES EVOVLVE,
POPULATIONS BECOME REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED

REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

MEMEBERS OF 2 POPULATIONS CANNOT INTERBREED & PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.

3 ISOLATING MECHANISMS.. BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION- CAPABLE OF

BREEDING BUT HAVE DIFFERENCES IN COURTSHIP RITUALS (EX. MEADOWLARKS)

GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION

SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS LIKE RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, OR BODIES OF WATER (EX. SQUIRREL)

TEMPORAL ISOLATION 2 OR MORE

SPECIES REPRODUCE AT DIFFERENT TIMES.

Table 23.1a

Tigon
Result of male tiger and female lion mating incaptivity. Offspring are infertile. Separated both geographically and ecologically.

Liger
Result of male lion and female tiger mating in captivity. Offspring are infertile.

Table 23.1b

Fig. 23.6

Four species of leopard frogs: differ in their mating calls. Hybrids are inviable.

These squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This is an example of allopatric speciation.

Hawaiian Honeycreepers
An example of adaptive radiation these species all diverged from a common ancestor (founder species)

FOUNDER SPECIES

SPECIATION IN DARWINS FINCHES

SPECIAITON IN THE GALAPAGOS
FINCHES OCCURRED BY:
- FOUNDING OF A NEW POPULATION, - GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION which led to - REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION and

CHANGES IN THE NEW POPULATIONS GENE POOL due to COMPETITION.

Evidence of Evolution
1. Fossil Record
2. Geographic Distribution of Living
Species

3. Homologous Body structures 4. Similarities in Embryology

Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved

Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time

Marsupial Mammals

Sugar Glider

Flying Squirrel

Convergent Evolution and Analogous Structures

Placental mammals

Mammalia

Rat like common ancestor

Big Question!!!
How did life arise on the big blue planet??
Scientists attempt to answer this question scientifically.

Relative Dating versus Absolute Dating

Relative Dating Can determine a

fossils relative age Performed by estimating fossil age compared with that of other fossils Drawbacks provides no info about age in years

Absolute dating
Can determine the
absolute age in numbers Is performed by radioactive dating based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes remain Drawbacks - part of the fossil is destroyed during the test

Carbon-14 Dating

Fossil Formation

Big Bang Theory

A cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions created the universe 10-20 billion years ago
Evidence it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds Cosmic radiation from the explosion can be observed The Big Bang theory probably will never be proven; consequentially, leaving a number of tough, unanswered questions.

What was early earth like?

Earth was Hot!! Little or no oxygen Gasses in atmosphere: Hydrogen cyanide (poison to you!) Hydrogen sulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Nitrogen

So how did the earth get oxygen?

Some of that oxygen was generated by

photosynthetic cyanobacteria Some came from the chemical separation of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.

 Oxygen drove some life

forms to extinction Others evolved ways of using oxygen for respiration

How did life begin?

Miller and Ureys Experiment Passed sparks through a mixture of hydrogen methane ammonia and water This produced amino acids the building blocks of life

Millers experiment suggests that lightning could have produced amino acids

How can simple amino acids result in life? There are 3 theories
1. Formation of microspheres Large organic molecules can sometimes form tiny proteinoid microspheres Store and release energy, selectively permeable membranes, may have acquired more characteristics of living cells

nd 2

Hypothesis for Life

Evolution of RNA to DNA

RNA was assembled from simple organic molecules in a primordial soup

RNA was able to replicate itself and eventually form DNA Not scientifically proven to be possible

rd 3

Theory of Life

Endosymbiotic theory eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms Ancient prokaryotes entered primitive eukaryotic cells and remained there as organelles