Establishments are primarily engaged in manufacturing, fabricating or processing drugs in pharmaceutical preparations for human use.

The greater part of the products of these establishments are finished in the form intended for final consumption such as Tablets, Capsules, Ointments, Medicinal powders, Solutions, Suspensions etc.. Generally they can be prepared under three basic forms. 1) Solid forms 2) Semisolid forms 3) Liquid forms

Major forms are:

1. Tablets
Obtained by compression of a powdered drug into a small hard disc, some are readily broken along a scored line, others are enteric coated to prevent them from dissolving in the stomach. Soft gelatin include sugar-coated tablets, w/c are covered by a layer of sugar capsule Hard gelatin often aromatized and colored (to avoid from degradation). capsuleCapsule 2.

made of 2 often colored encasable cylindrical part of a mixture of gelatin & carboxymethyl cellulose,

3.

Powder: a finely ground drug or drugs; some are used internally, others externally

There are two kinds of powder intended for internal use. I. Bulk Powders are multidose preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain one or more active ingredients, with or without excipients and, if necessary, coloring matter and flavoring substances. II. Divided Powders are single-dose presentations of powder ( for example, a small sachet) that are intended to be issued to the patient as such, to be taken in or with water. 4. Lozenge:
is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge

Pastilles

Granules

5.

Pastilles: are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and gelatin, or acacia and sugar.

6. Granules:
are consisting of solid, dry aggregates of powder particles often supplied in single-dose sachets Some are placed on the tongue and swallowed with water, others are intended to be dissolved in water before taking.

7. Suppository:
is a small solid medicated mass, usually cone-shaped Can be inserted either into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository or pessaries) where it melts at body temperature . is prescribed for people who cannot take a drug orally because

 Pessaries: are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve There are three types: i. Moulded pessaries: they are cone shaped and prepared in a similar way to moulded suppositories. ii. Compressed pessaries: made in a variety of shapes and are prepared by compression in a similar manner to oral tablets iii. Vaginal capsules: are similar to soft gelatin oral capsules differing only in size and shape.

 are meant for external use(skin, rectum, nasal mucosa), Mostly are topical dosage form i.e., they have only local effects.

1. Ointments:
a semisolid preparation of one or more drugs used for application to the skin and mucous membrane, the base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin.

2. Creams:
are semi-solid emulsions, that is mixtures of oil and water, Two types: oil-in-water (O/W) creams: which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase,not diffcult water-in-oil (W/O) creams: which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phasedifficult & most drug are incorporated

3. Pastes :
are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has been added, due to their thickness & stiffness, they are less penetrating and less macerating to skin than ointments.

4. Gels (Jellies):
are semisolid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking, they liquefies when applied to the skin.

5. Transdermal patch:
skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the Info! skin and into the bloodstream for a long period of time. The first commercially available patch was scopolamine for motion sickness.

also called

6. Liniments:
are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally, semi-solid preparations intended for application to the skin, they may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions,

N.B: Liniments should not be applied to broken skin. 7. Lotions:

these are fluid preparations (aqueous) for external application without friction, they are either dabbed on the skin or,and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation.

1. Oral solution:
are clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.

2. Oral emulsion:
are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids.

3. Oral suspension:
are liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle, may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered.

4. Syrup:
is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose. flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking disagreeable tastes.

5. Elixir:
a sweetened and aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal agents is pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs. the vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose together with antimicrobial preservatives which confers the stability of the preparation.

6. Oral drops:
are Liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. They may be solutions, suspensions or emulsions.

7. Gargles: - usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use. - they are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections,

Forms available for oral routes:

Tablets: includes Buccal and sublingual tablet, Effervescent tablet, Chewable tablet Capsules: 2 main types hard-shelled capsules soft-shelled capsules Powders, Lozenge, Oral solutions, suspensions & emulsions, Syrup, Elixir, Oral drops, Granules

 Forms

available for transdermal

routes:
Ointments, Creams, Dusting powders, Pastes, Aerosols sprays, Transdermal patches, Lotions, Liniments, etc

 Rectal

route:

rectal suppository liquids can be introduced to rectum & colon through procedure called enema enema includes 2 types: evacuant and retention

Viginal route; mostly is to admin. Estrogen

during menopause.
pessary viginal suppository or ring Creams gels

 Buccal and sublingual routes:

buccal is between the gum & cheek sublingual is just under the tongueNTG

in these routes H2O is not used and it avoids the acidic and enzymatic envt of stomach Vasodilators, steroidal hormones in tablet forms.

Conjectival occular route:

the active drug is mixed with inactive substances to make a liquid, gel, or ointments.

Parenteral routes:
in this ROA the drug doesnt pass through GIT instead it reaches directly to the blood. can be classified into two: 1. with injections: includes IV, IM & subcutaneous the drug is admn. in liquid form e.g. solutions, suspensions 2. without injections: includes inhalations in this admni. the drug is administered in gaseous form e.g. inhalers, aerosols