COMPUTER PROCESS CONTROL

Presented By - Sayyan N Shaikh

CONTENTS
Introduction Control Requirements Capabilities of Computer Control Forms of Computer Process Control Computer Process Monitoring Direct Digital Control Numerical Control and Robotics Programmable logic controllers Supervisory Control Distributed Control System References

What is Computer Process Control?

Control Requirements
There are two basic requirements that must be managed by the controller to achieve real time control: 1. Process initiated interrupts 2. Timer initiated Actions
1. Process initiated interrupts: The controller must be able to respond to incoming signals from the process. Depending on the relative importance of the signals.

2.Timer initiated actions: The controller must be capable of executing certain actions at specified points in time.

Capabilities of Computer Control

The requirements can be satisfied by providing the controller with certain capabilities :
1. polling
2. interlocks 3. interrupt system 4. exception handling. 1) Polling(Data Sampling) Polling refers to the periodic sampling of data that indicates the status of the process. When data consist of continuous analog signal, sampling means that the continuous signal is substituted with the series of numerical values that represent the continuous signal at discrete moment in time.

2.

Interlocks

An interlocks is a safeguard mechanism for coordinating the activities of two or more devices and preventing one device from interfacing with other(s). There are two types of interlocks, a) Input interlock b) Output interlock

3. Interrupt System
An interrupt system is a computer control feature that permits the execution of the current program to be suspended to execute another program or subroutine in response to an incoming signal indicating a higher priority event.

Interrupt conditions can be classified as internal or external. Internal interrupts: Internal interrupts are generated by the computer itself. External interrupts: Internal interrupts are external to the computer system

4. Exception Handling
In process control, an exception is an event that is outside the normal or desired operation of process or control system.

Forms of Computer Process Control

Computer process control can be classified into two categories a) Open loop process control: In this process control actions are implemented by the control computer that does not requires the feedback data to be collected from the process.
Control commands Computer Process Process variables

a. Open loop Process control

b) Close loop process control: In this process control feedback or interlocking is required to ensure that the control instructions have been properly carried out.

Control commands Computer Process

Process variables

b. Closed loop Process control

Computer Process Monitoring

Computer process monitoring is one of the way in which the computer can be interfaced with the process. It involves the use of the computer to observe the process and associated equipment ad to collect and record data from the operation. The computer is not used to directly control the process.

Process variables Computer Process Data collection

Process monitoring

The data collected by the computer in computer process monitoring can generally be classified into three categories:
1. Process data: These are the measured values of input parameters and output variables that indicate process performance. 2. Equipment data: These data indicate the status of the equipment in the work cell. 3. Product data: Government regulations are require certain manufacturing industries to collect and preserve production data on their products.

Direct Digital Control

DDC is a computer process control system in which certain components in a conventional analog control system are replaced by the digital computer. The regulation of the process is accomplished by the digital computer on a time-shared, sampled-data basis

Other types of control

Numerical control (NC) is another form of industrial computer control. It involves the use of computer to direct a machine tool through a sequence of processing steps defined a program of instruction specifying the details of each step and there sequence.

Programmable logic controller as a microprocessor-based controller

that uses stored instructions in programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic control functions for controlling machines and processes.

Supervisory Control
Supervisory control can be defined as the control system that directs and coordinates the activities of several interacting pieces of equipment in a manufacturing cell or system.
Input parameters Output parameter Ecnomic Objectives

Process

Actuators for input parameters Direct process control

Feedback from output variables

Supervisory control

Human interface

Supervisory control superimposed on other process level control system

Distributed Control System

DCS consist of the components and features: following

Multiple process control station located throughout the plant to control the individual loop and devices of the process. A central control room equipped with operator stations, where supervisory control of the plant occur. Local operator stations distributed throughout the plant. This provides the DCS redundancy.

All process operator stations interact with each other by means of a communications network, or data highway

Benefits and advantages of DCS:

DCS can be installed for a given application in very high basic configuration The system consists of multiple computers to facilitate parallel multitasking. Because of its multiple computers, a DCS has built in redundancy. Control cabling is reduced compared with central computer control configuration. Networking provides process information throughout the enterprise

REFERENCES

[1] www.google.com [2] Automation Production Systems, and computer-Integrated Manufacturing -Mikell P.Groover

Questions?

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