-BY

B.C.SANGEETHA
B.E-3
RD
YR-IT.
HyperText Markup Language]
BEFORE LEARNING ABOUT THE HTML I
WOULD LIKE TO EXPLAIN THE
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE BROWSERS AND
LITTLE BIT OF SYSTEM CONCEPS.



HTML was invented by Tim Berners-Lee
while at CERN, the European
Laboratory for Particle Physics in near
Geneva, Switzerland laid the
foundations for the World Wide Web, or
the Web, in 1989.

Tim Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen
Elizabeth for his invention of the World Wide
Web. He is shown here, along with the first
picture posted on the Web and a screen shot
from an early version of his Web browser.
Browsers
Software to view Web pages

Internet Explorer
Firefox
Safari
Google Chrome
Eg:Windows
Chrome
Netscape
Navigator
Mosaic
Email Software Clients
Email software and engine they use to render/interpret HTML:
What is HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language is a markup language.
It is a set of instructions to your web browser to
cause the text to be displayed in a certain way.
HTML is not a programming language in that it
doesnt allow decisions (if statements) or loops.
You can see what the actual HTML document looks
like (as opposed to how it is displayed) using the
View Source control on the browser.
HTML is a subset of SGML, Standard Generalized
Markup Language, which is a generic way of
representing any document. SGML is more or less
too complicated to be useful, but it has spawned two
important subsets, HTML and XML (which we will
discuss later.
Versions of HTML

There are several versions of HTML. HTML 1 came out in the early 90s, while
HTML 4 and XHTML came out around the same time at the turn of the
century. HTML5 was released in 2008.

XHTML is the most commonly used version on the World Wide Web, and so
well be using this version today. You can still write your webpages in the
other versions, but your safest bet is to go by what most browsers will be able
to display and read properly. If you use another version, your webpage might
not look the way you expect it to, especially if your pages get more complex
and have more features. xHTML is not case sensitive.

HTML has gone through many changes and evolutions.
XHTML [eXstensible HyperText Markup Language]:-
Brief History of HTML
1989 CERN - WWW project proposal
1992 Laying the foundations
1993 NCSA Mosaic released, Web takes off
IETF comes in:
July '93: Internet Draft for HTML+
Nov '95: RFC1866 - HTML 2.0
Nov '95 RFC1867 - Form-based file Upload
March '95 HTML 3.0 Draft stalls
May '96 RFC1942 - HTML Tables
Jan '97 RFC2070 - Internationalization of HTML
Late '96 IETF HTML WG closes
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C www.w3.org)
Takes over:
Fall '95 W3C brings key vendors to negotiating table
Initial work on common object model: <object>
Followed by work on raising the baseline for HTML
Jan '97 W3C releases HTML 3.2 Recommendation
Dec '97 W3C releases HTML 4.0 Recommendation
May '98 W3C workshop on Future of HTML
Feb '99 XHTML 1.0 draft released
Feb 2004: Modularization of XHTML 1.0 - Second Edition
April 2004: XHTML-PRINT
1992 HTML first defined
1994 HTML 2.0
1995 Netscape specific
non-standard HTML
1996 HTML 3.2,
compromise version
1997 HTML 4.0,
separates content from
presentation
1998 XML standard for
writing Web languages
2000 XHTML 1.0, XML
compliant HTML
2002 XHTML 2.0
HTML is an evolving standard (as new
technology/tools are added)

HTML 1 (Berners-Lee, 1989): very basic, limited integration
of multimedia
in 1993, Mosaic added many new features (e.g., integrated images)
HTML 2.0 (IETF, 1994): tried to standardize these & other
features, but late
in 1994-96, Netscape & IE added many new, divergent features
HTML 3.2 (W3C, 1996): attempted to unify into a single
standard
but didn't address newer technologies like Java applets & streaming
video
HTML 4.0 (W3C, 1997): current standard
attempted to map out future directions for HTML, not just react to
vendors
XHTML 1.0 (W3C, 2000): HTML 4.01 modified to conform to
XML standards

Markup Languages
SGML:
Standard Generalized Markup Language
Mother of Markup Languages
HTML
Most popular presentation language for web
- HTML is not a programming language...
it is a markup language

XML:
Draws heavily on the merits & shortcomings of
HTML & SGML

Text Editors
-Used to write HTML code





Notepad
Pico (UNIX)
You need something to write your HTML
code on. These are two examples of basic
text editors: Notepad and pico in UNIX.
Both of them are free to use, unlike some
Web authoring tools like Adobe
Dreamweaver

- WHENEVER WE LOG
ON TO NET THIS IS
WHAT WE DO
FREQUENTLY
A hypertext system that runs on
top of the Internet, based on Three
Main Standards
URL
HTTP
HTML
The servers are connected to each other through a network,
the Internet.
Web Servers (or Hosts)
Computers that house Web sites
Today youll upload HTML
files to the UH web server
using FTP (File Transfer
Protocol)
UH
Server
Other users will request your
web pages through their ISPs
server using HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol)
The Internet
ISPs
server
Domain name
Examples:
hawaii.edu,
nasa.gov,
ebay.com,kitv.com,ala.org ,amazon.com.

Normally if you want to start a website, you have rent both
the domain name and server space, which we talked about
on the previous slide. There are companies that provide
either or both, and you can look them up through a search
engine. It can get a little expensive depending on how long
you want to keep the domain name and much memory or
space or your website takes up. I know one organization
whos paying $80 for 2 years of server space, and $10 per
year for their domain name.


URL [the Web pages address ]
(Uniform Resource Locator)
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~yokokudo/index.
htm
a b c d

a: Protocol
b: Domain name (server name)
c: Directory name (space in the UH server reserved for
you)
d: File name
Eg:http://www.hawaii.edu/lis/webteam/
Troubleshooting
When saving the template files in Internet
Explorer, they will be named .htm by default. To be
consistent with how the code was written in the
template, you must rename the file extension:
.html or else the links in your navigation bar will
not work.
Our current recommendation is to save the files
from Mozilla Firefox in order to avoid this issue.
Firefox saves the files as .html by default.
If have problems with naming or re-naming the
file extension (ex. .txt, .doc, .htm, .html, etc.):

HTML document structure
<html> /*signifies an HTMLdocument/

<head> /*instructions about the
document*/
<title> document title </title>
</head>/
<body>
your page content
</body>
</html>

/*end of the HTML document*/

Sometimes youll
see a long piece of
code like this, it just
tells the browser
that youre using
XHTML.
Tags
I love libraries!
<i>
</i>
Opening Tag
Closing Tag
A lot of HTML tags come in pairs, and opening and a
closing tag, but youll see in a moment that some of them
dont come in pairs, they stand alone. Notice also that
theyre in lower case. Its a good habit to put them in
lower case, because thats the XHTML standard.
For example: <b>, <font>,<title>, <p> etc.
Tag usually goes with pair: an open tag (<b>)
and an end tag (<\b>)
Tags are NOT case sensitive
19

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>WENT'99</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Went'99
</BODY>
</HTML>

See what it
looks like:
HTML documents contain 4
things
Text
Tags
External Multimedia such as
graphics, sound, movies, etc.
Scripts
20
Markup Languages
Used to encode formatting
Markup tags embedded in text
Output device interpreted tags
Originally used in word processing
-At first, there were no applications like
Word where you could prepare a
document and actually see on the
screen what the final product would look
like.

-Write tag example.
<tag> text </tag>
The tags describe attributes for the text
they contain such as formatting and
structural properties.

-User specified the output device.
Typically high-quality printers.
SGML:
Standard Generalized Markup
Language
Mother of Markup Languages
HTML
Most popular presentation language for
web
- HTML is not a programming
language...
it is a markup language

XML:
Draws heavily on the merits &
shortcomings of HTML & SGML
21
Images:
Only need image URL
SRC tag
Images can be placed anywhere
Align
The ability to insert images into files was another important part
of the WWW, and HTML made provisions for this as well.

Image must be saved in a separate file on the web server.
(Dont forget to give File extensions. Eg:-.png,.jpg,.gif etc.)

SRC tags are set up just like tags that insert hyperlinks.

Align can be used to control how images are displayed within
text. Top, middle or bottom.
22
PDF
Portable Document Format
Thsecond generation e of
PostScript
PDF files retain their
formatting across different
viewing environments
Applications exist for
converting documents to PDF
Can contain hyperlinks

PDF is another type of
document formatting.

It was developed with the
hope of a paperless office.
Documents could be
distributed through an
office and displayed the
same way regardless of
the OS on the computer.
Example 1
Script can be run at
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/
cgi-
bin/cgiwrap/cs415/modpo
w
Script can be viewed at
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/
~cs415/cgi-bin/modpow
Example 2
ajax.html:
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/
~cs415/code/ajax.html
ajax script:
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/
~cs415/cgi-bin/ajax
URLs
Image File Formats
All artwork and photographs found on the web are stored in binary
files. These files reside on web servers along with HTML files that
refer to them.
Two file formats are commonly used for web page graphics
are GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) and JPEG (Joint
Photographic Experts Group) each format works better for
certain kinds of images because of the unique way in which
it stores images.
GIF are better for line art, cartoons and simple images
JPEG files are better suited to photographs and artwork,
that include many colours and fine gradations in colour.
GIF use 8-bit colour palette (256 possible colours
(Adapative palette), dithering)
JPEG uses 24-bit coloru palette (16,777,216 possible
colours)
PNG (clip arts)(Portable Networks Graphics)File Format
like .GIF but does not support animation
Some notes on Images
Loading of images is made faster by telling the browser the size of the image
Size is specified in pixels
You can link by using images
Can have pictures with no borders
You can use thumbnail images to link to larger images
Making clickable images (image ma
ps)

<h1>Hello World</h1>
<img src=x.gif />
Start tag
End tag
Attribute
Tags mark up the HTML
document. The tags are read
and interpreted by the
browser - but not shown.
Sound Formats
There are many computer formats for sound, and theoretically
any of them could be used in a web page. The three most
popular formats (those most likely to work on your machines)
are WAVE, AU, and MIDI.
WAVE (Waveform Audio File Format) with the file extension .wav
was invented for Windows by Microsoft.
AU (Audio File Format) file extension .au was invented by NeXT
and Sun.
WAVE and AU are like sound recordings... they reproduce
recorded sounds (or computer generated sounds).

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is an entirely different
concept. The MIDI file format is a series of commands such as
"play middle C for .25 seconds". These sort of commands are
very small, so one of the great advantages of MIDI files for your
web page is that a lot of music can be packed in a small MIDI
file.

26
How to Create and View an HTML document?
1.Use an text editor such as Notepad to write the document.
2.Save the file as filename.html on a PC. This is called the
Document Source.
3.As soon as we give the file extenction,File type will be
changed.Now Open Renamed File.
4.Your HTML page should now appear just like any other Web
page .
5.You may now switch back and forth between the Source and
the HTML Document
switch to Notepad with the Document Source
make changes
save the document again
switch back to Explorer.
click on RELOAD and view the new HTML Document
switch to Notepad with the Document Source......

27
World Wide Web
WWW comprises software (Web server
and browser) and data (Web sites)
Client Side
JavaScript
VBScript
DHTML
Java Applets
Server Side
CGI
ASP
Java Servlets
HTML, XML, ...
28
How HTML is Displayed
Browser Command
HTML Display
Http protocol
(HyperText Transfer Protocol)
Text & binary data
render
HTML
URL:http://www.google.com
HTTP is behind every request for a
web document or graph, every
click of a hypertext link, and every
submission of a form.
29
How HTML is Displayed from client site
HTML
Browser Command
URL:c:\my_page.html
HTML Display
User
Client Site
HTTP specifies how clients request data, and
how servers respond to these requests.
Markup
There are four kinds of markup elements in HTML:
structural markup: that describes the purpose of text
(for example, <h1>Golf</h1> will cause a reader to
treat "Golf" as a first-level heading),
presentational markup: that describes the visual
appearance of text regardless of its function (for
example, <b>boldface</b> will render boldface text)
(Note that presentation markup is deprecated and is
not recommended; authors should use CSS for
presentation),
hypertext markup: that links parts of the document to
other documents (for example, <a
href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a> will
render the word Wikipedia), and
widget elements: that create objects (for example,
buttons and lists).

Applet
Use <applet></applet> tag to include applets in your HTML
document
Attribute:
Name: applet name for scripting
Code: the name of the main class file that starts and runs the
applet
Archive: classes can be compressed and archived in .zip
format

Compile the Java code (e.g., use javac)
example: javac Blinker
Creates file with extension .class,
example Blinker.class
Use the tags <APPLET> </APPLET>
Specify parameters such as speed, color (for background
and text, etc.)
Java Applet inclusion
32
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Example HTML code:
<HTML>
<head>
<title>Hello
World</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor =
#000000>
<font color =
#ffffff >
<H1>Hello
World</H1>
</font>
</body>
</HTML>
33
Cookies
Web cookies are simply
bits of software placed
on your computer when
you browse websites
WebISO (Pubcookie) use
cookie implementation
to keep track of a user
Drawback:
Security


Audio and Video files
Audio files come in several
varieties
.au
.mp3
.mp4
.cd
.wav

And video is commonly stored in
mpeg2, avi, wmv, quicktime,

34
Tags vs. elements
HTML specifies a set of tags that identify structure and content type
tags are enclosed in < >

<img src="image.gif" /> specifies an image

most tags come in pairs, marking a beginning and ending

<title> and </title> enclose the title of a page
an HTML element is an object enclosed by a pair of tags

<title>My Home Page</title> is a TITLE element

<b>This text appears bold.</b> is a BOLD element

<p>Part of this text is <b>bold</b>.</p>
is a PARAGRAPH element that contains a BOLD element
HTML document is a collection of elements (text/media with context)
web basics
the web protocols and standard
HTTP to carry information over the internet
HTML, XML and graphics formats for content
browsers to view the results plus plug-ins

changing use
initially research (CERN - high energy physics)
now corporate, government, commerce
and entertainment, advertising, community

challenges
lost in hyperspace, information overload


web servers and clients
the web is distributed
different machines far across the world
pages stored on servers
browsers (the clients) ask for pages
sent to and fro across the internet
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web client (browser) web server (stores pages)
C user clicks link
GET /e3/authors.html HTTP/1.1
C server sends page back
C browser sends request
communicate with HTTP
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C browser displays it
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C server finds page
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WAP - web on the phone
very small screen
scrolling painful small pages
GSM connection slow big chunks
WML (wireless mark-up language)
content delivered in stacks of cards
cards are the pages the user views
but navigation within the stack fast
errata: book says stacks of notes, cards is correct
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server sends whole stack
using WAP protocol
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navigation within stack fast
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server stores stacks of cards
N.B. larger screens
and faster
connections mean
WML giving way to
small HTML pages
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Objectives
Learn the history of the Web and
HTML
Describe HTML standards and
specifications
Understand HTML elements and
markup tags
Create the basic structure of an HTML
file
Insert an HTML comment
Work with block-level elements
Create ordered, unordered, and
definition lists
New Perspectives on HTML and XHTML, 5e
1990-
1994
HTML was simple and pages
looked pretty ugly.
1995-
1999
HTML became more complex
and each browser was
different.
2000-
2005
Browsers slowly supported
CSS to varying levels. HTML
was still ugly to support
multiple browsers.
2005-
2008
New browsers supported
CSS. Old browsers were still
pretty pervasive but
diminishing.
2009
+
The last pre-CSS browser
(IE5) is < 0.1%
Interesting points about Web:
In its early days, the Internet was called ARPANET and
consisted of two network nodes located at UCLA and
Stanford, connected by a phone line
Today the Internet has grown to include an uncountable
number of nodes involving computers, cell phones,
PDAs, MP3 players, gaming systems, and television
stations
They developed a system of interconnected hypertext documents that
allowed their users to easily navigate from one topic to another
Hypertext is a method of organizing information that gives the reader
control over the order in which the information is presented
In the early years of HTML, Web developers were free
to define and modify HTML in whatever ways they
thought best
Competing browsers introduced some differences in the
language The changes were called extensions
HTML has evolved a *lot* over the years - as computers and
networks have gotten faster.
Introducing HTML
A Web page is a text file written in a language called Hypertext Markup
Language
A markup language is a language that describes a documents content
and structure. Do not put a spaces in file names.
HTML is not a programming language, and it is not a formatting language
Styles are format descriptions written in a separate language from HTML
that tell browsers how to render each element for particular devices
New Perspectives on HTML and XHTML, 5e
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
o XML is a markup language much like HTML
o XML focuses on extensibility and portability
o XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on
what data is
o HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data
looks
XHTML :
- is a stricter version of HTML and is designed to confront some of the
problems associated with the different and competing versions of
HTML
The History of HTML
A group of Web developers, programmers, and authors called the World
Wide Web Consortium, or the W3C, created a set of standards or
specifications that all browser manufacturers were to follow
The W3C has no enforcement power
The recommendations of the W3C are usually followed since a uniform
approach to Web page creation is beneficial to everyone
New Perspectives on HTML and XHTML, 5e
There are new tags that make it much
easier to embed applications and
handle interactive elements.
Offline data storage. Ability for visitors
to edit sections of web pages.
New HTML elements that better
describe content.
Improved web form handling and
validation.
HTML 5.0
o HTML5 is an advanced version of HTML
(with more incredible features to enhance
website performance)
o It is not heavily used yet.
Comparisons between
HTML and WML
Both make use of
tags and attributes.
Similar character
set, syntax and data
types.
Two special elements
of WML structure
Deck and Card
Different design
goal
HTML: To Publish
hypertext on the
World Wide Web
WML: For narrow
network bandwidth
devices with small
displays, limited
memory and fewer
computational
resources.
WML
<wml>
<deck>
<card>
<p>
<do type="accept">
<go
href="#card2"/>
</do>
This is the first card...
</p>
</card>
<card id="card2">
<p>
This is the second
card.
</p>
</card>
</deck>
</wml>
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>
Example page.
</title>

</head>
<body>
<h1>
This is a headline.
</h1>
<p>
This is a
paragraph.
</p>
</body>
</html >


Information Appliances
Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease
of use
Desktop PC
Mobile PC
Desktop Smart Phone
Mobile Telephone
Personal Digital Assistant
Set-top Box
Digital VCR

Implications:
Shift from computer design to consumer design
Heterogeneous standards, hybrid networking
Interactive networking, access on demand, QoS

System Overview
Web Server
Multimedia
Content
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Translation Server
WML Generator
Client
WML
WML
Browser
Etc.
HTTP
HTML Parser
WAP
HTML-WML
Translator
HTML, WML
Documents
HTTP
Web Browser and Web Server
-
Client and Server
User uses HTTP client (Web Browser)
It has a URL (e.g. http://www.yahoo.com/)
Makes a request to the server
Server sends back data (the response)
User clicks on the client side...
request (URL)
response (HTML, ) Client Server
Electronic Mail (e-mail)
Different e-mail service providers

G-Mail

Yahoo Mail

Hot Mail
WIKIPEDIA
A wiki is a publishing platform on which many people can contribute new
content and revise existing content.
The content benefits from the collective knowledge of the contributors, so wikis
can be very beneficial for group projects.
Some businesses and organizations use wikis to maintain documents.

Web Searching[Search
Engines]
-Google by
popularity
Yahoo! by relevance and
popularity; also pay for position
sites sprinkled in.
Invitation to Computer Science,
Java Version, Third Edition
49
The World Wide Web
Development completed in May 1991
Designed and built by Tim Berners-Lee
Components
Hypertext
A collection of documents interconnected by pointers called links
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The worldwide identification of a Web page located on a specific host computer
Locate and view multimedia-based documents on almost any subject
Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwide
Possible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide exposure
Changing the way business is done
DEVELOPMENT:
Computer use is increasing in almost every field of endeavor
Dramatic decrease in the cost of computing
Enhanced multimedia capabilities
Increased publishing and learning opportunities
Enhanced communication technologies