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CHAPT ER 31

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suffrage and elections

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Meaning of SUFFRAGE

SUFFR AGE

is the right to vote in an election and also the right to be voted to public office.
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VOTERS QUALIFICATION

Filipino citizen Be 18 years old or more A resident in the Philippines for at least one year and in municipality where he votes at least six months before the 10/9/12

PERSONS WHO CANNOT VOTE

Those who have been sentenced by the court to imprisonment of not less than one year and have not Those who have been pardoned by the violated by their president. allegiance to the Insane republic or the of feebleminded persons. Philippines.

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Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

is the constitutional body that supervises elections (article IX, sec C). It is composed of a chairman and six 10/9/12 commissioners.

PROCEDURE FOR ELECTIONS Once a registered voter finds his name in the voters' list and locates the correct precinct, he may queue in line for the distribution of the ballot. Prior to the2010 elections, voters have to write the names of the candidates next to the positions in which they are running. COMELEC-approved nicknames maybe used by the voters in writing the names. After the polling period ends, the Board of Election Inspectors (or the teachers manning the polling precinct) counts the ballots by hand. Once all the ballots are counted, they'd accomplish he election returns that will be sent to the city or municipal Board of Canvassers, political parties and other groups. For the 2010 election, the voters shaded the oval before their chosen candidate's name, and avoting machineautomatically counts 10/9/12 each ballot as it is fed into it. The results will then

Kinds of elections

GENERAL ELECTIONS the elections for all mean national and local officials held simultaneously on the same NATIONAL day. is an ELECTIONSelection for national officials, such as the President, Vice President and members of the Senate or upper house congress.

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Kinds of elections

LOCAL ELECTIONS are elections for local officials in the regions, provinces, cities and municipalities. SPECIAL ELECTIONS are elections held on a date different from that of the regular elections.

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Kinds of elections

ELECTIONS FOR CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS is the elections of delegates to a constitutional convention who will make new constitution for the nation. JULY The first time elections was on

10,1934. A nationwide election was held for 202 delegates to the Philippine The second election was held on National Convention. NOVEMBER 10 1970. The 320 delegates who were elected 10/9/12 made the 1973 constitution.

Plebiscite, initiative, referendum and recall

PLEBISCIT E means that a certain question of public interest is put to a popular vote for approval or disapproval. INITIATIVE is the direct participation of the electorate in law making . The aim of an initiative is to enable the electorate to pass needed laws without going through the congress or the local legislative body.

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Plebiscite, initiative, referendum and recall

REFERENDUM is when a question or a law passed by Congress is referred directly to the electorate for its approval or rejection. RECALL is a procedure to remove an elected official before the expiration of his term of office.

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CHAPT ER 32 Political parties Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Meaning of Political partY

POLITICAL PARTY is a voluntary organization of citizens having similar political ideas and principles, whose chief objective is to run the government .

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES of Political parties

They can organize political rallies, campaign literature and speakers They help to mold public opinion which is essential in a democracy. They select capable men to run for public office. They encourage collective responsibility in politics.

In there desire to win elections, they may distort the truth and give biased information, including black propaganda. They may produced hostility and luck of unity among the people by their rivalry. They do not always choose the best men as their candidates, hence many elected officials prove incompetent and corrupt. They are responsible for such evil political practices as pakikisama (clannishness) nepotism, bribery, graft, ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Influence peddling and turncoatism.

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Meaning of PARTY PLATFORM PARTY PLATFORM

is a statement containing the policies and promises of good government to attract the support of voters. Political Parties The first political party in the Philippines was the LIGA FILIPINA founded in 1892 by JOSE RIZAL . The first successful political

parties started during our peaceful independence campaign in the American era. 10/9/12

Political partIES National Party (NP) Gave the nation many presidents, vice presidents, congressmen and local officials. Liberal Party (LP) Another great party, such statements as ROXAS , QUIRINO,MACAPAGAL,JOVITO SALONGA,NINOY AQUINO. Politicians who join parties only to win votes or influence. But AMONG Partiesreally have a mission in life. they do not today are: The LAKAS NUCD , Laban , Laban ng Masang Pilipino (LAMP), the Kilusan ng Bagong Lipunan (KBL), and of course, the LP and NP.
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CHAPT ER 33

THE PRESIDENT
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EXECUTIVE POWER

THE PRESIDENT The chief Executive of the He or She makes sure the country land. is running well. The president proposes laws and the budget in the annual SONA or the STATEthe Commander in-chief of OF THE NATION ADRESS . He is

the Armed Forces, the head of the Cabinet, the top diplomat, and President is called THE the symbol of the nation. FATHER ( or MOTHER ) OF THE NATION . 10/9/12

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ELECTION AND TERM OF OFFICE

The president is elected for a term of six years . The first presidential election under the 1987 Constitution was in 1992. the commonwealth era, the During presidential term was changed from six years to four years, with one reelection. This was because PRESIDENT QUEZON said, six years, is too long for a bad president, and too short for a good one."

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Presidential privileges Presidents lives and holds office in an official residence called MALACANANG . This palatial mansion was the official residence of the Spanish and American governor-generals in the past. MALACANANG also contains a museum of extravagance and The president decadence of the,allowance for travel, receives P 300000 Marcos office staff and administration. equipment etc. President symbolizes the state, he or she is given full honors in the performance of duty, during official functions and state visits.

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Presidential succession

1. The VICE-PRESIDENT succeeds the president. 2. If the VICE-PRESIDENT is not available , the senate President acts as president. 3. If the senate president is not

available, the house speaker becomes the acting president 4. And if the speaker is not available , any member of congress may be elected by both houses of congress to act as president.
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POWERS OF THE the Chief Executive, the President *As PRESIDENT implements the laws of the land. He (or She) can issue ) may propose laws to Congress or *He (or She executive orders to implement the law.the public initiate. for *He submits to Congress the proposed budget of income and expenditures of the government. *He appoints public officials and military officers ( Supreme Court Justices, Cabinet *He determines the foreign policy of the secretaries, etc. ) Republic. He appoints ambassador and other *He can make or guarantee foreign and the diplomatic officials with the consent of domestic loans on behalf of the Republic Congress. *He can vetocertain limitations. subject in any bill of Congress. *He grants pardon, reprieves, commutations and remits fines and forfeitures, except in cases of impeachment. PARDON is absolute forgiveness of a crime, as if it never happened. REPRIEVE is a suspension for a limited time of the death 10/9/12 sentenced imposed by the supreme court on a

Limitations on the powers of the President


1.

The president, Vice- President, and Cabinet secretaries, their deputies and assistant, shall not hold any other office or employment relatives within the fourth 2. The spouse and or engage in business during their stay in office civil degree of the president shall not be appointed be a members of Constitutional Commissions, Tanod-bayan, or as cabinet secretaries ,under secretaries, bureau heads or head of the Government corporations

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3.The President cannot make appointment two months before the next presidential elections and at 4.Within 48 hours after the declaration of the end of his term. martial law, the President shall submit the report President may not suspend the 5.The to the congress. Constitution, abolish the congress, replace the courts even during the emergency. 6.Martial law may be extended only with the approval of congress. Click to only contract of guarantee foreign loans 7.He mayedit Master subtitle style with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and other provisions by law.

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CHAPT ER 34
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The new congress

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Legislative or law making power is the power to make laws that are legal and binding.1987 Constitution the legislative 1. power new congress of the Philippines make The vested in two ways: the people the also directly propose and 2. The laws of mayRepublic. enact laws or approve and reject them by means of initiative and referendum. MEMBERS OF THE NEW CONGRES Congress is the legislative body it is Click to edit Master subtitle style compose of two houses. a. The Senate or upper House- compose of 24 senators.

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B . House of Representatives or lower house compose not more than 250 members. To be congress a person must be a natural born citizen at least 25 years old able to write and read . the new congress are required to submit a statement of their financial and business interest. Bicameral Congressmaking body is compose of The law bicameral (two house). Reasons of Click to edit Master subtitle style bicameral 1.Historically, the Philippines had a bicameral congress: congress under the third Republic (19641972)

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2. A second chamber is needed to guard against hasty legislative. 3. A legislative of two houses cannot easily be controlled by selfish interest. 4. A senate elected by the whole nation would balance the narrow interest of the house of the representatives whose member come from district and sectors. 5. There would be a larger training ground for Click to edit Master subtitle style leaders of the country.

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Disqualification of Members of Congress Limitation of the member of congress: 1.They cannot hold office or employment in another branch of the government. 2. They cannot financially be interested in an government contract. Franchise of especial Click to edit Master subtitle style interest of the government . 3. They cannot appear as lawyers before any court, electoral tribunal, or semi-judicial body.

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Officers of Congress The chief officers of congress are Senate President and Speaker of the House of Representatives. They are elected by a majority vote of the members of their Congressiona respective houses. l Immunity of free *privilege speech in Congress Congress can speak Any member of freely to the subtitle style Click to edit Master house without fear of being questioned privilege *Congressional or held liable for his andstatements. enjoys freedom from arrest immunities -a member during attendance of the session, except for crimes involving at least six years imprisonment
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Powers and duties of the New congress and to 1. To make laws 1. To approve the annual pass resolutions budget of the 1. To ratify treaties with government. other states 1. To declare 1. To impose or investigate war matters of public interest 1. about the work of To try and decide cases of Click to edit Master subtitle style impeachment against the government president, Supreme Court Justices, members of the constitutional and tanodbayan

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7.To propose amendments to the constitution or to call for the constitutional convention authenticate and canvass votes 8. To certify for President and Vice- President after presidential elections 9. To cancel or extend a martial law declaration by the President 10. Through an electoral tribunal to decide cases or electoral protest involving its members 11. Through aMaster subtitle style Click to edit Commission on Appointments to approve appointments made by the President.

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Electoral Tribunals This tribunal will decide cases of election protest involving members of its house .composed of nine members three supreme court justices and six members of the upper Sessions of and lower house. congress Congress shall meet regularly each year beginning on the fourth Monday of July until around June of the following year . It may also Click to to on called edit special session. Commissiona Master subtitle style Appointments all appointments made by the President to important government positions must be approve by a Congressional Commission on Appointments.

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How a bill becomes a A bill is a draft of a law that is submitted to the law Congress . If a bill adopted or pass by Congress it becomes a part of the law of the land When bill is presented it must go through 3 readings. 1. it is read by title only. 2. it is printed and distributed to the house. Click to edit Master subtitle style 3.it is put to a vote without amendments and the yeas and nays are counted . if there is a majority of yea votes the bill is passed by that house and sent to other house. 10/9/12

Every bill passed by both houses of congress shall be presented to the president . If the President approves it he or she signs it.

It is given a number and is published in the Official Gazette.

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CHAPT ER 35
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THE judiciary

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The judicial power JUDICIAL POWER is the power to interpret the laws of the land in cases of disputes. It is vested in the Supreme court and the lower courts . Independence of the are compose to render justice to all TheyJudiciary men, base only on the facts and the law involved, without fear to favor to anyone and free from the pressure or influence of Constitution ensure of the independence of the the executive or legislative branches.

judiciary and the swift resolution of legal cases of the following way:
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1. Court have the duty to settle actual controversies And cannot dismiss them on the ground that they the Supreme court and the 2.The members ofinvolve political questions.

judges of the lower courts hold office during good behavior until they teach retirement age. 3. The salaries of the members of the Supreme Court and judges of the lower courts are fixed by law and cannot be decreased. 4. A judge must be a person of good character, integrity, and independence. 5. Courts must decide cases within certain deadlines. 6. An independent Judicial and Bar Council shall recommend appointments to the judiciary.

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Organization of the Judiciary the Judiciary Reorganization Act According to of 1980, the judiciary is compose of the 3. Regional following courts: 1. Trial Courts Supreme 2. Intermediate 4. Municipal Court Appellate Court Trial Courts And there are two special The Court of a. courts: Tax Appeals b. The Sandiganbay The Constitution also provides for 2 an special the Judicial and a. legal bodies: the the Council b. Bar Tanodbaya n
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The Supreme -is the highest Court court in the land 15 members the Chief It is composed of Justice and 14 Associate justice . To be appointed a member of the Supreme Court,a natural-born citizen of the Philippines a. Be a person must the following qualifications: b. at least 40 years of age c. A judge of record engaged in the practice of law for at least 15 years. Supreme court holds its session in Manila and during the summer moths in Baguio City.
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The members of the Supreme Court remain in office during good behavior until the age of 70 when they are retired Their salaries are fixed by

law and cannot be The Chief Justice receives decreased during their term of office . salary of P240,000 an annual and each of the Associate Justices, P204,000 each.

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Power of the Supreme Court : 1. It hears legal 2. It interprets the Constitution cases and can declare any treaty, executive order or legislative 3. It is the Court act of last appeal 4. It reviews al appeals on the sentences of life imprisonment and 5. It can temporarily assign judges of death lower courts to other places 6. It can a change of place of trial 7. It appoints judiciary officials and employees

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8. It can discipline judges of lower courts or order their 9.It can promulgates rules on court dismissal procedure and practice, admission to the practice of law, the integrated Bar and The Intermediate poor legal aid for the Appellate Courtformer -(replace the
Court of Appeal)

-It is composed of a Presiding Appellate Justice and 49 Associate Justices who are appointed by the president .This Court hears civil and criminal cases appealed from the Regional Trial Courts-(replace the former Courts of the first Instance) there are 13 of these courts one for each of the 13 regions.
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Metropolitan Trial Court - replace the former city courts of the cities and now called municipalities. municipal courts The special 1.The Court of Courts tax Appeals -is composed of a Presiding Judge and two Associate judges . It has exclusive jurisdiction over tax cases appealed by private citizens and commercial firms who 2. The protest the amount of taxes imposed by Sandiganbayan anti-graft court. It decides -is a special the Bureau of Customs on their property or cases involving graft and corruption business by government officials and employees.
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Selection of Judges

The 1987 Constitution created a special judicial body called Judicial and Bar Council .

This council was created to prevent the appointment by the President of judges who are political favorites only.

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The Tanodba -Also called as ombudsman was previously yan created only by presidential decree ( P.D.
No.1487 of June 11, 1978)

The Tanodbayan investigates cases of graft and corruption in government. It acts as the prosecutor in bringing graft cases before the Sandiganbayan. the Tanodbayan and his deputies serve for 7 years without reappointment.

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