Introduction

Micro TAPP voltage control and monitor is a numeric system based Widely used as Super TAPP relay Operational control of Tap changing transformers and protection against abnormal voltage Full supervision and self monitoring of the internal relay functions User friendly access to the relay setting, displays ontions and fault data A Reydisp evolution software is used to set and commission the relay.

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Power System Requirements Power supply quantity in all voltage level from transmission and distribution networks Automatic voltage control of the electrical network is done by the use of voltage sensing relays:- On Load Tap Changers (OLTC) Micro TAPP Functionality An analog voltage and current are connected to the measurement inputs Quantities are filtered out for noise Sampled 32 x per cycle at 50 Hz system and digitised Use 3 phase VT, one phase is used for measurement. Phase A-B for measurement and B-C phase for measurement monitoring. Plant input such as tap in progress and remote tap raise or lower are connected to the status inputs Intelligent operation monitoring by BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

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 The VT input to the relay is measured against the target setting applied via the system menu The voltage is only used for measurement if the voltage quantity is confirmed as satisfactory by the voltage monitor The relay will respond to a voltage which is outside the set-point dead band and initiate a timing interval for operation of the transformer tap changing mechanism Where a 3 phase VT is used, each phase is monitored as a check against fuse failure Any abnormalities detected will inhibit the voltage raise outputs from the relay.

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Current Measurement The measurement of transformer is used by the relay to :a) Calculate the group connected load and provide network Load Drop Compensation (LDC) b) Calculate circulating reactive current c) Provide on-line reading and historic data

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 When selected to automatic mode:- the voltage regulating relay controls the transformer tap changer Voltages which are outside set voltage limits (dead bands) automatically initiate the operation of the transformer tap changer When selected to manual mode:- the voltage can be regulated via the relay manual raise/lower control switches The raise or lower command will only be issued after an initial time delay as set on the voltage regulating relay A definite time or an inversely time characteristic is selectable at Micro TAPP. Raise and Lower commands operate normally open relay contacts. Output contacts can be mapped to generate alarms or lockout signal

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Transformers in Parallel With traditional schemes where 2 or more transformers are connected in parallel The following conditions are met:a) The transformers are identical b) The transformers have the same number of taps and tapping interval c) The transformers have the same impedance d) The transformers are always on the same tap position e) The transformers are fed from the same primary source

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 The Micro TAPP can be configured for use with Master/Follower tap change control scheme, but it is not recommended Each Micro TAPP can be connected to other Micro TAPP relays through a screened twisted paired cable The Micro TAPP Peer to Peer Communication (MPPC) system is used to transfer data between the relay at site If a Micro TAPP relay is de-energized, communication between other relays is not affected

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Relay Settings The Micro TAPP is designed as an integral control device The following information is used by the relay
a) b) c) d) e) Site data:- Number of transformer forming a group Transformer data:- Rating, impedance, VT and CT detail Tap change:- Number of steps, type, etc Network data:- Power factor, system voltage, group capacity, etc Voltage control:- Basic, Band, LDC, etc

Micro TAPP relay can be configured as Transformer switch out and Transformer switch in The command can be initiated either by a SCADA signal from a PC via communications network or from hard wired lacal control switch

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Control Micro TAPP relay provides both manual and automatic control of the tap changing system The relay is configurable for either local control or remote control from a control center Electrical control of a tap change mechanism is normally exercised from 3 point:a) b) c) At the tap change mechanism:- A Local/Remote selector switch at the tap changer At the voltage control relay panel:- Local/Remote selector on the Micro TAPP At a remote site:- When Micro TAPP is set to Remote, control can be selected and operated from a remote control center

Auto/Manual:- This switch sets the relay to automatic or manual voltage control When the Micro TAPP is set to manual, the relay will not correct the voltage automatically

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Raise/Lower:- When the Auto/Manual is set to manual, this switch allows the tap changer to be operated either to increase the tap position or reduce the tap position Tap changer:- The tap changer operation is monitored for a mechanism wiring or relay fault. The following is provided
a) b) c) d) Tap change run away Tap change incomplete Limit of tap change range Tap not achievable A control signal must be issued to initiate the process The tap position must change to a new position The tap change mechanism must stop completely

For correct operation, the following must take place:

a) b) c)

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Fault records:- This screen enables the 10 most recent tap changer fault to be viewed. For each with date and time stamped. Event Records:- The event storage buffer holds 200 records with date and time stamped A green LED labeled Relay Healthy is provided and will be permanently ON. If a permanent fault is detected the LED will flash continuously A green LED indicates that the measured voltage is normal A red LED indicated that the measured voltage is above the relay dead band setting. If the over-voltage monitor has detected a failure the LED will flash A red LED indicates that the measured voltage is below the relay dead band setting. If the under-voltage monitor has detected a failure, the LED will flash An amber LED indicates that the tap change mechanism is in the operating state. If the tap change monitor has detected a failure, the LED will flash

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Micro TAPP relays are housed in either Epsilon E8 or E12 case

a) b) E8 case (MT 101) 11 input and 5 output E12 case (MT 102 or MT 101 with extra I/O) 19 input and 13 output

Rear case an IRIG-B port is also provided for time synchronization 2 pairs of fiber optic ST plug connectors are available for the following ;
a) b) Com1 for substation SCADA Com2 for access by protection engineer to the relay from a laptop computer or PC using sigma converter

Front 25 pin RS232 port is also available For IEC 103 protocol should operate on either com1 or com2

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MicroTapp

Power System Voltage Control

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BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS

CUSTOMER
Correct voltage levels at all times Continuous supply

SUPPLIER Zero Maintenance Zero Adjustments for any operational situation Minimisation of system losses

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OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
Network switching

Switching transformers OUT of service Switching transformers IN to service Networks in parallel

Automated control systems Embedded Generation

Skill levels
Abnormal voltages

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TAP CHANGE CONTROL SYSTEMS

MASTER - FOLLOWER

COMPLEX CONTROL SYSTEM TRANSFORMERS & TAP CHANGERS MUST BE IDENTICAL INCOMING VOLTAGES MUST BE THE SAME NOT ABLE TO RUN IN PARALLEL ACROSS A NETWORK SHORT OUTAGE DURING CHANGE-OVER COMPLEX CONTROL SYSTEM INCREASED COPPER LOSSES SIMPLE WIRING BUT REQUIRES CB AUXILLARY SWITCHES NOT ABLE TO RUN IN PARALLEL ACROSS A NETWORK

CHANGE-OVER SCHEMES

CIRCULATING CURRENT

REACTIVE CIRCULATING CURRENT

SIMPLE WIRING PARALLEL OPERATION ACROSS A NETWORK CAN OPERATE DISIMILAR TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL

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Identical Transformers
6 5 4 3 2 1

Tap Position

11.3

Line Voltage (kV)

11.2

11.1

11

1000

Current (A)

750

500

250

Power Factor

0.9

0.8

0.7

60 40 20 0 0:00

Circulating Current (A)

6:00

12:00

18:00

0:00

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Parallel Transformers

Transformers are on the correct tap position when minimum circulating current flows between them and the system voltage is correct

'High'

'Low'

Reactive current flow between transformers

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Reactive Current

Measured voltage

Line Voltage

Load

Export circulating current

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MicroTAPP - True Circulating Current

Voltage

T1 current

T2 T2 current T1 Circulating current Group Load

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Reactive Circulating Current

Voltage

T1 current Target PF T2 current T1 Circulating current Group Load

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Conventional AVR Why Independent Auto Results in Drifts

Tx A

Tx B

Tap >7
22

Tap > 7

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Microtapp Independent Auto, but No Drifts

Tx A

Tx B

A A B C

Tap > 7

Tap > 7

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Features

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Initial Delay to tap Change - DMT

Operate Time

Initial Delay

80% Volts Relay Deadband

Band +2%

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Tap Change - Overcurrent Blocking

Voltage

Block Raise Volts Upper Band Normal Operation Lower Band Block Lower Volts

Blocks operation for excessive LOAD but allows operation to reduce CIRCULATING current

80% Volts Total blocking Transformer Load Full Load

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Tap Change - Normal operation

time
Raise / Lower pulse Reclaim time Raise / Lower pulse Reclaim time

Normal Raise / Lower command

In progress logic
Intelligent Tap Position indicator Lock out IP Indication

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Tap Change - Runaway condition

time
Raise / Lower pulse Reclaim time

Normal Raise / Lower command In progress Intelligent Tap Position indicator Lock out Timed tap change lockout

NOTE: Timed lockout will occur if second TPI is NOT detected

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Hardware

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MicroTAPP - E8 Case General View

RELAY HEALTHY

HIGH NORMAL

TRANSF O RM ER 1

LO CAL

AUTO

10.9
T AP CO NTRO L

kV

-1 h

TAP

07
TEST LEDS

TAP IN PRO GRESS

LOW

M ENU

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MicroTAPP - Rear View Connections

28 WAY CONNECTOR BLOCKS

REAL TIME CLOCK INPUT IRIG B

TX1 COMMUNICATIONS PORT 1

RX1

TX2 COMMUNICATIONS PORT 2

RX2

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MicroTAPP - Operational Display

TRANSFORMER 1

LOCAL

AUTO

10.9
TAP CONTROL

kV

-1h

TAP

07
AUTO

MENU

TEST LEDS

TRANSFORMER 1

LOCAL

10.9
TAP CONTROL

kV
MENU

TAP

07

TEST LEDS

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MicroTAPP - Control Level Display

LOWER RAISE

MANUAL/AUTO

LOCAL

REMOTE

TAP 7 11.2kV AUTO/ MANUAL

EXIT

MOVE ->

LOWER RAISE

MANUAL/AUTO

LOCAL

REMOTE

TAP 7 11.2kV RAISE TAP

LOWER TAP

MOVE ->

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MicroTAPP - Configuration

TRANSFORMER 1 SETTINGS MODE INSTRUMENTS MODE FAULT DATA MODE UP DOWN

20/09/1999 16:08:40

CANCEL

SELECT

TRANSFORMER 1 Line (kV) Load (MVA)

20/09/1999 16:08:40 pf lag

11.3
EXIT NEXT

18.0

0.97
CANCEL

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Settings

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24 hour Historical Records

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Event Listing

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VT and CT Connections

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Connection to Tap Position Transmitter

Resistor Chain Type

BCD Type

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MPPC Link Connection

B3 B1 B5 B7 B7

B3 B1 B5

B5 B1 B3 B7

MicroTAPP 1

Intermediate MicroTAPP

MicroTAPP N

MPPC line terminator link

MPPC screen earthing at a single point

MPPC Screend twisted pair cable

MPPC line terminator link

MPPC Inter-MicroTAPP connections

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Communications

Communications to IEC60870-5-103 protocol Fibre optic with ST connectors May be connected in a loop with 254 relays

Fibre optic hub available for star configuration

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Ring Connected Data Comms

PCs to be equipped with Reydisp software Up to 254 relays can be connected in single loop Each relay to have unique address Sigma 3
RX

Remote PC

RS232
TX

Local PC F.O Cables

TX

RX

RX

TX

RX

TX

RX

TX

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Star Connected Data Comms

Star connected data comms Increased Security Sigma 1 F.O. Hub

Remote PC Sigma 1 Local PC

F.O Cables

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MicroTAPP - A complete system

Tap Position Inputs Local / Supervisory Control Switching

Basic Voltage Control Relay

Communications

Monitor Relay

In service over 14 years SuperTAPP >6000 MicroTAPP >400

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