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Abstract ---The push to introduce dual-voltage (42V/14V) automotive electrical systems necessitates power generation solutions capable of supplying power to multiple outputs. A number of approaches for implementing dual-voltage electrical systems have been proposed, but most suffer from severe cost or performance limitations. This research explores the design of alternators incorporating dual-output switched-mode rectifiers (SMR). The proposed approach enables the full load-matched power capability of the alternator machine to be achieved, with power delivered to the two outputs in any desired combination. A prototype system has been developed. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of the approach.
V14
V42
i14 (A)
Simulated alternator output over the control range (hatched regions represent achievable operating points)
DUAL-VOLTAGE ARCHITECTURES
1. dc/dc converter-based architecture
vx(t)
Use of a dc/dc converter can result in a system having very good performance, but: dc/dc converters are expensive by automotive standards Size, packaging and cooling are significant challenges
D3
+ Q1
D2 Q2 q2(t)
q1(t)
vX -
V14
V42
25 4.2A (field current) 3.6A 2.81A
20
14V
A hT
hrT
t
T B
15 2.33A 10 1.94A
2.
t
C
t
D
Experimental alternator output currents across control range at 1800 rpm (idle speed )
2.33A 1.94A
Uses an alternator having a separate set of stator windings to supply each output Limitations field control is common to both outputs. This poses serious difficulties in regulating both outputs utilization of alternator machine power capability is poor for some operating conditions
10
20
LEES
60 70 80
t
E
90 80 3.6A 70 4.2A (field current)
4 Ls * * if (V14i14 V42i42 ) 2 3k
3.
i r * * i14 i42
h
* 42
ki f
2 2(rV42 (1 r )V14 )
Control Equations
i*42 and i*14 are desired (reference) currents h, r are switching time controls if is the field current Ls is the armature synchronous inductance (per phase) k is the machine constant (Volt-sec per Amp-rad) is alternator ac electrical frequency Experimental alternator output currents across control range at 6000 rpm (cruising speed )
60 50 2.81A
40 2.33A 30 1.94A 20 2.33A 10 1.94A 0 0 20 40 60 80 14V bus currents (A) 100 120
The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the ability to simultaneously control power to both outputs
Limitations
Machine utilization is poor for some loading conditions Extremely large output filters are required due to the large, low frequency current ripple appearing at the outputs
V14 V42
References:
D. J. Perreault and V. Caliskan. A New Design for Automotive Alternators, 2000 International Congress on Transportation Electronics. (Convergence 2000), pp 583 594, October 2000, SAE paper 2000 01 C084. G. Hassan, D. J. Perreault, and T.A. Keim. Design of Dual-Output Alternators with SwitchedMode Rectification, 2003 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, June 2003.
Experimental setup