Cartilage and bone are specialized connective tissues.

Like all connective tissues, cartilage and bone consist of

cells extracellular matrix.

The matrix of all CTs consists of

fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic) amorphous ground substance, which contains proteoglycans hyaluronic acid

WHERE THEY ARE PRODUCED ?

The matrix is secreted by some of the cells in connective tissues, fibroblasts in most CTs In cartilage, it is chondroblasts and chondrocytes that produce the matrix while in bone, it is osteoblasts and osteocytes.

Cartilage
a solid connective tissue that is to a certain extent pliable, making it resilient The ground substance of cartilage is rich in proteoglycans consisting of a core protein with numerous- about 100- glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached bottle-brush fashion around it GAGs are made of repeating units of disaccharides, one of which is always a glycosamine (hence the name) such as glucosamine or galactosamine

Cartilage
In cartilage, the GAGs attached to the core proteins are chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. The proteoglycans themselves are attached, by special linker proteins to long, rigid molecules of hyaluronic acid (HA) About eighty proteoglycans are attached to one molecule of HA

Cartilage
The repeating units of chondroitin sufate are Dglucoronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine-(4 or 6)-sulfate The repeating units of keratan sulfate are galactose or galactose 6-sulfate and Nacetylglucosamine 6-sulfate. The repeating units of hyaluronic acid are Dglucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine

 Between 60 and 80 percent of the net weight of (hyaline) cartilage is water and this large component of water accounts for the resilient nature of cartilage Cartilage is poorly vascularized, and gets most of its nutrients through diffusion. In the adult, repair is poor.

Three kinds of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage.

BONE Consits
5%

35% 60%

Mineral Matrix Cells

Bone
Bone is both
resilient ( due to the organic matter (collagen) hard (due to the inorganic minerals)

Bone
Bone serves as a storage site for calcium and phosphate
Blood calcium levels are regulated by the hormones parathormone (parathyroid hormone), which raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, and calcitonin, which reduces blood calcium by suppressing bone resorption and increasing osteoid * calcification

*Osteoid is the matrix secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes prior to mineralization

There are two kinds of mature bone

1.compact bone

2.spongy bone
Compact bone and spongy bone are found in specific locations.

compact bone
Compact bone is also called dense bone and cortical bone composed of cylindrical structures called osteons or Haversian systems

spongy bone
Spongy bone is also called cancellous bone, trabecular bone and medullary bone

Compact bone and spongy bone are found in specific locations.

1. In long bones , most of the thickness of the diaphysis is made of compact bone ,with a small amount of spongy bone facing the marrow cavity.

Control of calsium homeostasis

Calsium is present in the plasma in the three forms.
47 % is bound to proteins,principally albumin

46 % exist as free ions and the remainder is complexed with phosphate and citrate.

The free ions are the only form that is physiologically active

Control of calcium
The plasma concentration of calcium is controlled by PTH

PTH is a polypeptide hormone synthesised in the parathyroid glands ,and calcitriol.

PTH (PARATHYROID HORMONE)

Example of a Negative Feedback Loop: Homeostasis